Intercultural Communication

Copyright 1998 by ihc American Psychological Association, Inc.
0012-1649/98/S3.00

developmental Psychology
1998, Vol. 34, No. 4, 616-628

Production of Emotional Facial Expressions in European American,
Japanese, and Chinese Infants
Linda A. Camras

Harriet Oster

DePaul University

New ork University

Joseph Campos and Rosemary Campos

Tatsuo Ujiie

University of California, Berkeley

Fukushima University

Kazuo Miyake

Lei Wang and Zhaolan Meng

University of Hokkaido

Peking University

European American, Japanese, and Chinese 11-month-olds participated in emotion-inducing laboratory procedures. Facial responses were scored with BabyFACS, an anatomically base coding system.
everyplaceall, Chinese infants were less expressive than European American and Japanese infants. On
measures of smiling and crying, Chinese infants scored lower than European American infants,
whereas Japanese infants were similar to the European American infants or slash between the two
other groups. Results suggest that differences in expressivity between European American and Chinese
infants are more robust than those between European American and Japanese infants and that Chinese
and Japanese infants can differ significantly.



cross-cultural differences were also found for some
specific brow, cheek, and midface seventh cranial nerve actions (e.g., brows lowered). These are discussed in terms
of current controversies about infant affective facial expressions.

Over 25 years ago, Ekman, Sorenson, and Friesen (1969)
conducted a landmark study demonstrating that illiterate New
Guinea tribespeople identified a number of emotional facial expressions similar to participants in three literate cultures: Japan,
Brazil, and the United States. These findings stood in strong
contrast to earlier anthropological descriptions of numerous
cross-cultural differences in grown expressive behavior (e.g.,
Birdwhistell, 1970; LaBarre, 1947). To resolve this apparent
conflict, Ekman...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com



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