Project Management Organizational Structures Paper Research

Project solicitude Organizational Structures - Research Paper ExampleEach form of organizational structure has its strengths and weaknesses, and is able to grapple particular projects based on the context.Functional organizational structure involves divisions based on major in operation(p) areas such as marketing, finance, human resource, manufacturing, and so on (Meredith and Mantel, 2012). Functional organizational allows flexibility in round planning and resource allocation because functional divisions can act as the administrative base for a project. Further the functional unit may be specialised to tackle the project thereby providing the skillful expertise required to thrivingly complete the project. Additionally functional structure allows the technical expertise and know-how to be concentrated in the units and hence available to work on different projects. The staff can be shifted from one project to another while the functional division continues to provide a pool of e xperiences and specialized staff (Meredith and Mantel, 2012). The functional division acts as the center of specialists which ensures availability of specialized staff to work on different projects. The presence of experienced staff also enables the relevant expertise to be channeled into the project for successful execution and completion of the project. Lastly, the functional organizational structure organizes the specialists in a unit so that the position not only helps in project execution but also in the advancement of the conquer talent.A downside to functional organizational form is that it puts guests at the backseat. Often client interests are not the decoct but functional units focus more on the work and how the expert staff is allocated to the projects (Meredith and Mantel, 2012). This sometimes leads to client interests to be ignored. The fact that the functional organizational form deals with functional areas means that the form is more disposed towards the activiti es involved in the project completion. It is

MOTOROLA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MOTOROLA - Essay ExampleMotorola Solutions is today generally accepted as the direct successor of the front known Motorola, as the structuring lead to Motorola Mobility being spun off. (Boryana Georgieva, 2010) In 2007 when the reorganization took place, wrinkle was divided into three direct segments which included Home and Mobility Network, Enterprise Mobility Solutions and Mobile devices. Home and Mobility Network basically included products such as cable set top boxes, broadband cable modem etc this contributed to almost to almost 32% of Motorolas pass sales in 2008. Enterprise Mobility Solutions deals with wireless broadband systems and it contributed to 27% of net sales. The Mobile devices compete in the wireless handset industry. (Boryana Georgieva, 2010) There are many factors in the external environment that directly as well as indirectly affects Motorola. First let us consider the competitors. Motorola used to own a high function of merchandise in 2007, especially at the time of RAZR. However, they were not able to gain on the success with one major reason being the amount of competition in the engine room market. Motorola faces fierce competition from Nokia, Apple, RIM, Samsung, LG and Mobile Internet Devices. Nokia possesses the highest market share in world right now followed by Samsung. They continue to produce high quality phones in great quantities for the customers. Lately, Apple and RIM postulate busted into the market with their unique characteristics with iPhone and Blackberry respectively. Because of their innovation, they were able to grab a huge market share and create brand loyalty amongst their customers. Apple were able to target, initially the youth which them spread out to a major chunk of the population, they also brought timely upgrades and additions to their iPhone which the consumers found all the more intriguing. Blackberry on the former(a) hand went for formal and executive prospect, mainly targeting the executives. Bu t due to their Blackberry services, which include Blackberry messenger etc, they were able to gain high levels of customers throughout the world. (Aaron Christensen, 2009) Motorola has been going down the slope ever since. In fact, mansion incurred a loss from cutting operations of $105 million which then resulted in $0.05 per diluted vernacular share. The company which once dominated the mobile market has now been constricted to a lower market share. (Aaron Christensen, 2009) Even though revenues amaze decreased overtime, however, Motorola still has some strength as well. Motorola Company operates at operational efficiency, meaning their production and assembly line process operates in an efficient manner as to cut unnecessary costs and at the same time utilize maximum resources to maintain quality. Motorolas products are high quality products, not solo because they last a longer period as compared to some other phones, but their functionality is very efficient as well. Motoro la has recently started producing the Droid Family which includes various products including Droid, Droid 2 & international and Droid R2D2. The droid family was built by placing high value on importance on innovation. Motorola has also started segment targeting for the saucy Droid2 since consumers in the market place high value on trying out new things that see onto the market. Now let us also consider some of Motorolas weaknesses. Motorola management and shareholders are only worried about the sales and revenues, what is lacking is, vision. For any company to succeed in the market, they need to have a vision. For instance Steve Jobbs had a vision to bring innovation to the telecommunication technologies. Currently, Motorola is only concentrating on business and not focusing on the long

Mental illness in jail Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mental unwellness in cast outhouse - Research Paper ExampleThe atmosphere in jails is unpleasant to all humans. It should be noted that people always like to lead a free life as a good deal as possible. Barriers or restrictions in stellar(a) a free life may cause psychological trauma to all humans. Jails impose lots of restrictions and barriers upon the inmates and hence the kind health of jail inhabitants is poor compared to that of the regulation people. This paper briefly analyses the reasons of psychic illness in jails. Reasons of mental illness in jails The hope for leading a public life after the release from jails is minimal for many of the inhabitants. It should be noted that prisoners neer get opportunities to engage in versed activities. Many studies have proved beyond doubt that sexual activities are necessary for the human to lead a normal life. The failure to do so may create psychological problems among prisoners. Moreover, plenty of the prisoners are of the view that it is difficult for them to get the acceptance from the society and the family members at a time they released from the jails. Such negative thoughts much cause mental trauma to the prisoners. The authorities on the other go keep a negative view towards the health needs of the prisoners. According to clement Rights Watch, deficient mental health services in prisons and jails leave prisoners under-treated or not treated at all. Prisoners with mental health problems face a paucity of qualified staff, lack of facilities and prison rules that interfere with manipulation (U.S. Number of mentally Ill in Prisons Quadrupled, 2006). Healthcare sector in America and Europe is facing severe shortage of qualified professionals. In fact majority of the professionals working in this sector in these countries are from oversea countries. Since prisoners are treated differently everywhere in the world, there health needs are often addressed without much sympathy or importance by the authorities. Prisoners are considered as unwanted or antisocial elements in many of the societies. Such beliefs and apprehensions about prisoners often prevent the authorities from spending besides much for the healthcare needs of the jail inhabitants. As a result of that, prisoners get no treatment or less treatment when they develop psychological problems. Failure to get proper treatment in time, may force prisoners to engage in violent activities and expressions. Such violent activities may bring punishments from jail authorities. People who suffer from mental illness need mental health interventions, not punishment for behavior that may be motivated by delusions and hallucinations (U.S. Number of Mentally Ill in Prisons Quadrupled, 2006). Unlike normal people, prisoners are not getting any sympathy from jail authorities even if they develop mental problems. The general view about such mental illness among prisoners is that they deserve it. Such beliefs and views prevent jail authorities in taking sincere efforts to provide adequate healthcare services to the prisoners. According to Human Rights Watch, the staggering rate or incarceration of the mentally ill is a consequence of under-funded, disorganized and illogical community mental health services (U.S. Number of Mentally Ill in Prisons Quadrupled, 2006). Once in jail, people with mental illnesses tend to stay longer, and are less likely to be placed

Electrons in Atoms Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Electrons in Atoms - Research Paper ExampleThis base sought to study electrons in subdivisions their history, science and applications. Both case study and descriptive research designs were sedulous r. Secondary sources were the main data sources used in this study.The first disco truly of an electron was do by Sir John Joseph Thompson when he was studying Mysterious rays, todays cathode rays in 1898 (Richards). Thompson made a very bold prompt the mysterious rays were made up particles that were smaller than atoms, which he named corpuscles. Thompson further suggested that corpuscles might be the component of all the matter in an atom (AIP). By then the atom was believed to be the smallest indivisible particle of matter hence the Thompsons theory was controversial until he, together with other scientists and proved it experimentally. Thompsons suggestion that cathode rays were made of corpuscles later turned to be electrons, tiny, with a negative charge and the fundamental part s of an atom turned to be correct.In the mid-nineteenth century, an experiment of a glass tube with wires implanted in reversal sides, air pumped out, and a high voltage applied was very popular. Lovely glow patterns were made inside the tube. The experiment was improved by a German physicist in 1859, and the fluorescent glow was produced where the cathode high spirits reached the glass. This experiment was a proof that the cathode emitted some kind ray (AIP).Speculations were made by physicists, including Thompson concerning these mysterious rays. few thought they were waves like light waves while others, including Thompson thought they were particles. More experiments were made. A magnet was observed to bear upon the rays about. Heinrich Hertz, a German Physicist, noted that the mysterious rays were not deflected by an electric field in a cathode ray tube as was expected for charged particles. More confusion engulfed scientists, and more experiments were needed to thaw the un certainties.Jean Perrin, a French

London Eye, Capacity Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

capital of the United Kingdom Eye, Capacity Management - Coursework ExampleThe recommendations include the hold of advanced technology and people process strategies. The people process strategy explores the factors that lead to the customer mitigate in the ships high society, while the technological strategy focus on the renewal of the friendships air subterfuge fleet, thusly improving the customers experience (Johnson, 2006). British Airways London eye is the largest respiratory tract in the UK the bon ton offers scheduled serve together with domestic and international freight and mail carriage, as well as ancillary services. The airline operates in 300 destinations and more with 33 million passengers it earns more than 8.7 billion pounds, and in 2008, the employees were 42,377 people The (Economic Times, 2008). The guild has continued to expand because of the increasing competition in the market, the company I in addition involved in the reduction of greenhouse gas emis sions. The company has gown down following the global economical downturn, however, the company still has a future, and its future depends on the companys strategic plan to achieve the companys goal. Current position Currently BA London eye has focused on upgrading customer experience through text and mobile phone services this is meant for business class customer. The air craft has also being modernized the air craft services and other offers be being modernized. The company is also working hard to manage its cost base and increasing its corporate responsibility the company plans to achieve this through partnership and engaging in environmental performance. External analysis of BA London eye Like any other company, London eye should understand its external environment, which include governmental environment, the company is under heavy regulations, and there is also a problem of security following terrorist threats in the past. London eye has to comply to heavy regulations for it to continue operating in the airline industry, and to take business organisation of the issue of security, the company should put sufficient security measures to ensure competitiveness and earn consumer confidence. The global economic crisis also affects the growth of the company, and this makes the pound be weaker against the Euro. The company should respond to this crisis by reducing business move around and using other means of communication, which include teleconferencing this is because UK has a poor exchange rate. The company has also been affected by oil prices fluctuations in the prices affect the exchange rate, which directly affect the companys cost base. There has been intense competition, which has affected the demand for London eye before 2008, the company see a decline in consumer spending, which affected its revenues. Social factors also contributed to the decline of the British Airways London Eye, UKs population consists mostly of aging people, and this group of people does not travel for leisure especially internationally. other social factor is unemployment, the employer increased the bargaining proponent, and this left many people unemployed people who are unemployed are not able to travel for leisure. Technology has also contributed to the decline in the British Airways London eye, according to the recently conducted survey, 34% of online consumers are planning to use more of price likeness sites, this means that they have stepped up their awareness. Therefore, it is up to London eye to step up its bargaining power to avoid losing its

A Critcal Analysis of W. James Work on Varieties of Religious Essay

A Critcal Analysis of W. James Work on Varieties of Religious Experiences - Essay physical exertionJames defines religious experiences as feelings and acts of men that argon dependent on what is considered to be divine. His method of perusal religious experiences is based on the definition. He relies on four forms of experiences (Totor2u, 2009). The first form explains that experiences are quaint to an individual and can only be explained by the person who goes through them. The second form gives an taste to the truth while the third one is short lived. Finally, the last experience is supernatural in nature, and it takes everywhere the human body (Totor2u, 2009).His study on varieties of religious experiences addresses the usefulness of religion in human experiences. precondition the fact that he does not dismiss the important role played by science in slews lives, he tries to create a science of religion with the aim of authenticating religion. For James, it is through variet ies that pseudoscientific phenomena can be addressed (Pomerleau, 2002). According to his explanation, science cannot be sure whether religious phenomena are substantial or fraudulent. As such, means of dealing with such discrepancies must be developed. However, he agrees that religious accounts may not always be reliable because people tend to profile their experiences around that which they consider nigh significant (Cho, 1996).James notes that there is a gap between scientific explanation of phenomena and religious reasons that is rough to understand. The level from which situations can be explained through philosophy is different from religious understanding. He acquires evidence from people believe in supernatural forces to control events. The occurrence of unexplainable events is enough evidence to prove that these forces are real. Since it is what an individual believes in, it is perceived to be the truth (Boston, 2000). The point at which things happen without explanatio n takes the form

Darwins theory of evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Darwins surmisal of evolution - Essay Exampleversity in life comes from natural selection, essentially meaning that those organisms of a species that argon best suited to their environment ar more likely to succeed in reproduction. Due to this, the traits of those individuals that procure that they are best suited to their environment become more frequent in the population and female genitals eventually become the norm for that species. Darwin came up with this conjecture with no knowledge of genetics.It is interesting to see this speculation be put to work, as although genetics and genome theory have altered and adapted Darwins theory, the basic principles are the same. In the recent National Geographic article, for example, an article about the domestication of the silver Siberian fox. ball club generations ago, the relatives of the silver foxes at this farm were wild, but now they crave human attention like a Labrador. The researchers here have been selectively breeding the foxes with the traits most desirable in a pet friendliness, homage and companionship. The speed at which they have become similar to standard domestic dogs has shocked the researchers. This is exactly what Darwin lay out and expressed in his book The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication, showing that Darwin recognized this capability when developing his theory of

What kind of thinker are you Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What kind of idea are you - strain ExampleCritical thinkers usually tend to be self-disciplined, self-directed, self-monitoring and self-corrective they raise crucial questions about an issue consequently go ahead to formulate questions clearly and precisely to come up with the most effective counselling of reasoning (Hills, 2011).There are six stages in critical intellection that include the unreflective thinker who is not aware of the signifi buttockst flaws in his mode of thinking, the confronted thinker who are aware of problems in their way of reasoning. The third stage is that of the novice thinker, who is aware of the problems in his thought influence and tries to improve his thinking although this cause of thinker is not consistent, proactive thinker is the fourth bod where the thinker acknowledges there is need to wipe out a regular and consistent training in order to improve their thinking process. The fifth phase if that of the advanced thinker where the individu als begin to advance in their thinking process due to the amount of application they have put in place and the final phase is the overshadow thinker where an individual becomes just and insightful, he is analytical and reflective in his thinking process.Another area of critical thinking that was find in learning was the procedure of becoming a critical thinker, the various way that an individual can develop his thinking process through the six phases of critical thinking to become a master thinker. The importance of the critical thinking can also not be underrated in the learning process as it explains how and where the process of critical thinking is useful.My critical thinking has changed since starting the study of critical thinking in that I did not initially acknowledge my thinking process was flawed but aft(prenominal) learning about the process of critical thinking, I now realise the flaws in my thinking.My stage of emergence has been that of an unreflective thinker, th is is informed by the

ELL Proficiency Standards Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ELL Proficiency Standards - Assignment Examplelps the English learners gain the technique in English fast and this guides them in meeting the language demands and in dealing with complex areas of instruction manual such as science, mathematics and social studies.A student at level III post apply the experience of English conventions through constructing simple or compound execrations with some errors. The structure of the sentence includes regular objects as well as simple and progressive sentences.The listening and speaking domain give up two standards, the comprehension of oral communication and the delivery of oral communications. The main objective of this domain is to procure that students engage effectively in collaborative discussions either one or one with other others, teacher led or in-group discussions. This helps in building ideas and clear self-expression ( Common core, 2014).To meet the above objectives teachers and students should engage effectively in a range o f collaborative discussions such as (one-on-one or, in-group discussions. Learner to learner involvement in discussions with diverse partners is also necessary as it helps in building on others ideas and expressing themselves clearly.This domain contains four standards videlicet print concepts, phonemic awareness or coding, standard fluency and finally text comprehension. The main calculate of this domain is to help learners read and understand different texts on similar topics. Moreover, the domain assist enriching learners knowledge through use of vocabularies and to gain skills necessary in comparing and contrasting two different texts in the same topic ( Evenson et al., 2013).Many ELL students have difficulties in learning to read in English .To nominate the reading fluency the teacher should encourage ELL students to reread orally books they are familiar with in English. plot of ground reading, the teacher keeps the track of errors and records them for further discussion wi th the student. Incorporating writing in the lesson helps student in

Rephrasing Aging behaviour of 17-4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rephrasing Aging behaviour of 17-4 - Essay congressmanContinuously, layers of powder are deposited in a repeated cycle until the desired 3D structure is produced . DMLS dish up ensures production of parts that are fully dense and that require minimal post-processing activity. The DMLS process compares to another AM process popularly known as the Selective Laser Sintering (SLS). Conceptually, both SLS and DMLS are equal however, DMLS uses uncoated pre-alloyed metal powders for the sintering material, unlike SLS which utilizes coated metal powders or polymers .The final outcome of the DMLS cognitive process is characterized by fine or metast adequate to(p) microstructures , which at times may differ with the set multinational standards of conventional manufacturing. Moreover, further investigation into the mechanical properties of the microstructures resulting from the DMLS process is necessary to ensure that the structures produced are compatible and able to support the practical use they are intended.During the DMLS process, yielding begins at low-pitched values of about 600 Mpa callable to the complexity of the process which results from the multiple constituents and interactions of the microstructure formation, especially precipitations. During the process, the structures may have large hardenings which may elicit discrepancies on the part of micro hardness and yield stress as a result of the strain generate transformation of the austenite.The austenite transformation occurs when the whole or part of the plastic field and the accumulation of twins is retained. The low twining probability in austenite may be attributed to the rapid nucleation of the martensite plates within the high twinned austenitic regions, which causes never-ending strain-induced transformation along the plastic field. In addition, the accumulation of twins in the martensite affects the plastic flow providing plus in strain hardening ability .The presence of retained austenite ma terial may significantly bewitch the mechanical composition

Chapter 6- selection employee Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chapter 6- selection employee - appellative ExampleIssuing exertion forms, this helps one to know the qualifications of the appli corporationt using documentation, the put in discipline ab forth their past and present job experiences, their soulal information deal age, addresses, likes, and marital status. The application forms can in addition be used as evidence in content documentation is needed. Most employers use application forms during interviews as basis questions such as the former employees and working experience. I would also recommend that the doyen employ the use of interviews in the process of finding a good aspect for the post of humans Resource professor, this would be very in force(p) if he followed the right procedure in the interview. Using the candidates application form during the interview would be very effective in clarification on some pieces of information that one whitethorn not get right. Interview is also effective in getting information about the applicant this is the information that was not contained in the application form. There is also the possibility of using ability tests on the applicants, these kind of tests are use to determine the applicants abilities and skills in received fields, this is very effective since it helps to know some added information about the applicant. This might some co-curricular skill that they may possess, these tests can be issued inform of pencil and paper tests or job tests, those that may include practically of physical input. However, this depends on certain factors, for example, in the case of a human resource officer, and one applicant is elderly and obviously not as strong as their young and energetic counterpart, I would not advice the dean to employ the use of job tests that require so much physical input since it may favor one of the applicants. The pass mark in this type of job application can be lowered or heightened depending on the number of applicants and their scores. O ne should be very careful when giving out this kind of job application method it is advisable that they have very clear skills of judgment, in the case of a HR professor the applicant should have exemplary socialization skills, speech, listening, conflict resolution, and mediation. These would be an added profit in the job. In this case, I would advise the dean to employ the use of pencil and paper test, or in the case of job tests, I would ask them to solve different types of disputes among the students and judge who is the most effective in it. For the post, I would recommend an applicant who is joyful and does not drug their personal problems to work since it may alter with their work, especially because it involves constant interaction with people. Temperamental people would not be recommended for this job. As much as the use of interview is recommended in job applications so that the employer should have good personal change over with the candidate, it has its shortcomings, t hese shortcoming s mainly come with the interviewer. The interviews in most cases lack subjects and structure, such shortcomings may bring about mistakes such as difference in the questions asked to the applicants which may then cause rate error, whereby it is unexpressed to weigh the amount of marks one should offer on certain questions, and since the questions were different to every employer, it may cause biasness. It may also be different to come up with the most appropriate person for the job since most of the interviewers have different opinions about the performance of the candidate. Some people tend to like certain

English101 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English101 - Essay ExampleYou meet this type of friends in school, gym or while travelling. You might overly not remember how they look like one time you not meet them for a short period of time. This type of friends volition not hold back overmuch of an impact on your life. You do not miss them when they ar away from you. You generally do not object their company and will like to have a cup of tea or coffee with them. But if you are in the midst of some work you dont mind leave-taking with their company. One may know this type of friends throughout their school career, but they might never lambast to each other outside their school. These friends are nice to talk to but you never intend to have anything more kind with them. You just talk with them and then go on your merry way. You talk with them on common topics like hobbies or classes. And you dont talk with them about your personal life.These types of friends may also irritate you the most. As you think that you are sup posed to behave in a friendly way with them you may not point out some of their bad habits such as taping the fingers on a table or chewing gum loudly.A guest friend is also cognise as a former friend. These are the friends who grew up with you in your neighbourhood and then moved away. These are the friends with whom you spend much of a time of your puerility. These friends form a major part of your enjoyment during the childhood days. You would love their company any time. These friends will bring memories about your childhood days. You might get disconcert on first seeing these friends. But as the conversation starts between you, you seem to love it and will like to spend more amount of time with them. You may miss them once in a blue moon when somebody makes you to realise that you are adult and you cannot behave in a expressive style you used to behave during your childhood days. You would always like to meet these types of friends and they are closer to you than the pest f riends. The relationship between you is

Factors influencing students' choice towards private universities Research Paper

Factors influencing students choice towards private universities - Research Paper ExampleMalaysian universities offered similar facilities in their colleges at a much lower cost with the sole aim of luring in the students going to Australia and New Zealand for higher studies. The Klang valley region in Malaysia, also known as the Kaula Lumpur Metropolitan, became the hub many foreign students visiting the country for higher studies. There are nearly 7.5 million people in this region with ample anatomy of students. At present there are over 8000 foreign students in the area. The Klang valley is connected to its neighbouring suburbs and cities through well structured RapidKL Light Rail Transit (LRT) and various some other road and rail services. The infrastructure of the area is highly responsible for its flourishing trade and increasing number of HEIs in the area. Klang Valley can be reached easily from any part of Kaula Lampur and the adjoining cities. Malaysia has over 16 privat e universities and more than than 4 foreign collaboration universities. Most of them are situated in the Klang Valley region of the Selangor state. The number of foreign students in the country increase from just hundreds in 1990s to more than 12500 in 1999 after the introduction of the Higher Education Act in 1996. The Malaysian governments liberalization policy in education attracted both foreign students and local students equally. However, foreign students who had more choices were targeted specifically by the HEIs in Malaysia. The private universities in Malaysia were mostly small self-financing colleges until the early 1990s. They grew massively like mushrooms in a rainy season only by mid-1990. The IT revolution which transformed the economy of many easterly countries was partly responsible for this. The...From the student perspective they are wide variety of technology oriented courses scratch from 6 months duration to full-fledged management courses ranging for nearly thr ee years or more. They feel the courses offered in the Malaysian universities are much easier to complete as the teaching method is more or less(prenominal) similar to the Korean education system. Whereas the western universities offer only selected courses and limited time to complete the identical in student visa. Further, the academic standards expected by the Western universities are also very high. Obtaining a degree from the foreign collaboration university in Malaysia is much easier than studying directly in the western countries and it fluent gives them a competitive edge over others having degrees from domestic universities. Culture, cost and the chances to win better jobs easily are the three main push factors attracting high number of Korean students towards the Malaysian HEIs.

REFLECTION ON TRANSITION ACTIVITIES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

REFLECTION ON TRANSITION ACTIVITIES - Essay ExampleThe program aims to improve modus vivendi of diabetic longanimouss and learn the various perspectives on the management of diabetes more effectively.In this regard, the essay aims to proffer my in the flesh(predicate) reflection on the particularized transit activity focusing on diabetic management. In the process, an scrutiny of the learning modules would provide ample information on areas where evidence contradicts reality. As such, the discourse would reveal how the transition activities have contributed towards the honing of personal and professional skills. An assessment of these skills through the transition activity would enable me to gauge specific areas which need to be improved and enhanced. Finally, the reflection would reveal specific scenarios to support the contentions in the essay.The diabetes management program at Lakeside Medical Center clearly outlined the following learning objectives, to wit salmagundi of Di abetes Mellitus, Insulin Therapy, Management of Newly Diagnosed, and the Science of Nutrition, among others. I attended four (4) sessions specifically detailed as followsThe stolon session was learning about What is Diabetes (exploring diabetes, lifestyle, etc.). The second session focused on carbohydrates (CARB) awareness including the amount and types of carbohydrates. The trine session detailed reading and understanding food labels. Finally, the fourth session discussed possible short destination and long term complications of diabetes and understanding medication and health profile.From the modules, I learned that nursing care for diabetes encompasses a combination of glucose monitoring, specialized diet, regular exercise and proper medications. Since diabetes is considered a chronic illness, patients diagnosed with the disease must be made aware that the responsibility and accountability of daily management of ones illness is the patient himself. The

Emotions in the workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Emotions in the workplace - Essay ExampleEmotions play an important role not scarce in a personal life of a person but also in his social and nonrecreational life. Hence, people who know how to handle their emotions intelligently, tend to succeed in their personal and professional lives. However, for emotions to be handled intelligently, it is important to know the different concepts of emotions.Emotion recognition is one of the most important aspects of steamy intelligence. Emotions of a person affect his communication pattern to a great extent, as emotions not only influence the thinking pattern of a person but also influence the physiology of a person. The conduct of a person is a result of an emotional state that he is going through with(predicate). Hence, different emotions bring into being different types of physiological changes in human being (Barlow and Maul 2000). They create physical activities and impulses that motivate a person to behave in certain way (Frijda 1986) . For example, if a person is sad, he will baffle with slouched shoulders and if a person is feeling happy, he will communicate openly and will display gratifying grammatical constructions on his face. This shows that different emotions are accompanied with different body gestures and expressions. Hence, if one needs to know how a person is likely to behave or react, one should read the emotion related clues given in his body language (Barlow and Maul 2000). The ability to read the emotional state of a person through physical clues is known as emotion recognition.According to Mayer et al. (1990), emotion recognition is an accurate appraisal and expression of emotions in oneself and others (Elfenbein, Marsh and Ambady 2002). Emotion recognition is the ability to perceive other peoples emotion. It has been instal that it is easy to read emotions from facial expressions of a person than from any other body language clues. Hence, it is resilient to have an ability to read facial ex pressions (Elfenbein, Marsh and Ambady 2002). As emotion recognition is

Popular Places in Shimla Essay Example for Free

Popular Places in Shimla EssayDear Sebastian, I had a wonderful time visiting Shimla, the summer hillock station of India, which has a number of appealing attractions. It is located in the lower ranges of the Himalayas and is enveloped with oak, deodar, pine and rhododendron forests. Shimla is an old town and has fine-looking colonial structures, quaint cottages and charismatic places to go for walks. The town also has delightful means of entertainment, shopping and sports. The highest capitulum in the area is Jakhop Hill which provides a breathtaking view of the entire city. Glen forest a attract place for picnics and the Shimla Summer Hill is a quaint place to go for peaceful and refreshing walks. on that point is a beautiful water fall by the name of Chadwick Falls within the thick forests eyepatch Prospect Hill which is close by, provides for the perfect picnic outing. The most beautiful structure in Shimla is the play of Advanced Studies which was previously the offi cial residence of the Viceroy of India during British rule.There are several temples in the area such as Sankat Mochan, Tara Devi temple and the temple of the Tibetan Goddess Drolma. The Himachal Pradesh State Museum houses a rich allurement from the entire state. The town is indeed very pleasant and is rather huge for a hill station. The hill station presents the visitor with charming and unique glimpses of the fast vanishing colonial charisma. The Mall, buildings and picnic spots remind unmatched of the time when this town was the summer capital of the British in India.The centre of all activities whether it is commercial or cultural is the Mall which provides a magnificent reminder of the colonial culture. The place is beautiful and is worth the attention for you to visit and experience the same joy that I experienced. You need to carry light woollens as the temperature is quite low even during summers. If you wish to go for a trekking expedition you can carry your camp kits and habiliment that can sustain the rough and hectic routine. Best wishes John Works Cited Popular Places in Shimla, http//shimla. com/Places/index. htm, Accessed on 2

Teacher - school Essay Example for Free

Teacher discipline EssayI dedicate this oratory to my beloved parents Mr. and Mrs. Muwonge Mukasa (R. I. P) for their parental love, zeal and the guidance given to me in my early years of donnish life, to the Rt. Rev. Bishop Joseph Anthony Zziwa for his enate love, unearthly, moral, and fiscal support, to Sr. Elizabeth Achieng without whose dear motherly care, love, concern, material and financial support I never would suck achieved this degree.To my dear maternal uncle Professor Ignatius Kakande for his parental love, care, concern and financial support, to my dearest brothers and sisters, for their support and encouraging manner of speaking all through my studies, and to all the members of the Little Sisters of St. Francis of Assisi in Central Region, who despite their meager financial resources, knew the re regulatee of education and sacrificed so much for me. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge the contri besidesion of the following populate who have assisted me in a special way in carrying out this investigate work. root and fore nigh, I would like to extend my sincere and hearty gratitude to my two very supportive supervisors, namely, Dr. Oonyu Joseph and Dr. Anthony Mugagga Muwagga, for their critical reviews, expert advice, and reparation advantageability to me throughout the course of my research work. I would in addition wish to thank the regional Superior of Central region, Rev. Sr. Jane Frances Nakafeero, and the council members, for giving me an opportunity to pursue further studies and for financing my studies. My sincere give thanks are also extended to the Rt. Rev. Bishop Joseph Anthony Zziwa for his fatherly love and encouraging pieces of advice, and to Rev.Fr. Oscar M. Ssuuna for his brotherly advice and critical review of my research work. I also extend a sincere thank you to Rev. Fr. Dr. Charles L. Mubiru, Rev. Fr. Henry Kasasa, Rev. Fr. Nicholas Kiruma, Bro. Anselm Nsemereirwe, Mr. Peter M. Ssenkusu, Dr. E non, Musuubire Anthony, Mr. Walimbwa Michael, and Rev. Fr. Hilary R. Munyaneza, for their untiring efforts to break the completion of my dissertation by assisting me get the required information. I cannot forget my exemplary lecturer Dr. F. E. K Bakkabulindi for his great assistance and excellent academic pieces of advice.I owe a special debt of gratitude to Rev. Fr. Simon Peter Kyambadde, Rev. Fr. capital of Minnesota Kafeero, Rev. Fr. Achilles S. Mayanja, Rev. Sr. Elizabeth Achieng, Rev. Sr. Immaculate Nabukalu, Rev. Sr. Agatha M. Muggwanya, Bro. J. Bosco Ssenkabirwa, Prof. Ignatius Kakande, Prof. Mathias Ggingo, Dr. Maria Barifaijo, Dr. Beatrice Sekabembe, Dr. Kaseneene E. Kaahwa J. Taddeo, Ssenkooto John, Mr. Kuloba Paul, iv Aunt Berna, the sisters in Iganga and Namilyango communities, and Mr. and Mrs. Ntaanda Fred whose all exposit support and encouraging words gave so much to the completion of this work.May God bless and punish them all. I also acknowledge all the support given to me by all the lecturers in the delinquent east African Institute of Higher raising (School of Education, Makerere University) and by my physical bodymates of Master of Arts Degree in Education Management and Administration 2007/2008 2008/2009. I cannot forget the Brothers at Lamennais Ho physical exertion, Makerere, my research assistants together with all the instructors, motion instructors, deputy sheriff engineer teachers, members of BOGs, heads of disciplinary committees, and local government and educational officials who assisted me in gathering info from the field. kick the bucket besides not least, I am very grateful to Mrs. Kamya Rose at the photocopier and Stella for their sisterly advice and assistance and all the Librarians in School of Education for their readiness to serve me at the issuing desk in the Library. To Dr. Beraho, kilobyte Hostel members, and my community members for the conducive residential services they gave me throughout my studies. May God bless you all. board OF CONTENTS v Declaration . (i) Approval. (ii) Dedication . (iii) Acknowledgement.(iv) put over of contents (vi) incline of tables .. (x) List of figures .. (xii) Abstr stage (xii) CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION. 1 1. 0 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5A 1. 5B 1. 6 1. 7 Introduction. . .. 1 Statement of the problem 7 Purpose9 Objectives9 question Questions 9 Research Hypotheses.. 10 Scope of the study .10 Significance of the study. 11 CHAPTER TWO literature REVIEW.. .. 13 2. 0 Introduction .. .. 13 vi 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 theoretical Review. . 13 Conceptual Framework . . 14 Review of Related Literature. . 16 2. 3. 1 Teachers? Code of doings and teacher execution of instrument . 17 2. 3. 2 2. 3. 3 Teachers? Commitment and functioning . . 21 Teachers? perception of the grave of mastermind . 25 CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY29 3. 0 3. 1 3. 2 3. 2. 1 3. 2. 2 3. 2. 3 3. 3 3. 3. 1 3. 3. 2 3. 3. 3 3. 3. 4 3. 4 3. 4. 1 3. 4. 2 3. 5 Introduction . 29 Research Design.. . 29 existences and Sample. .. 30 Population. .. . 30 Sample and sample size. .. 30 Sampling strategies. .. 32 entropy collection instruments. . 34 Questionnaires. . 34 Interviews . 35 Documentary study..35 Focus group discussion. 36 Data quality control. 37 Validity37 Reliability38 Data analysis. 39 vii 3. 5. 1 3. 5. 2 3. 6 Quantitative data analysis. .. . 39 Qualitative data analysis. . 41 Procedure and Ethical consideration. 42 CHAPTER FOUR DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND indication . . 43 4. 0 4. 1 4. 2 Introduction43 Background Information 43 Teachers? businessalism 46 4. 2. 1 Influence of the engrave of remove and teacher exercise. 47 4. 3 Teacher manageance. .. 57 4. 3. 1 Planning. .. 57 4. 3. 2 Teaching. . 58 4. 3. 3 Assessment.. . 60 4. 4 4. 4. 1 4. 5 4. 6 4. 7 4. 8 Statistical analysis of the teachers? reckon of beam and teacher performance63 Hypothesis One.. . 63 Teachers? dedication on teacher performance.. 64 Hypothesis Two 80 Teachers? perception of the teac hers? regulation of conduct on teacher performance. 81 Hypothesis Three .. 91 CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATI.. 92 5. 1 5. 2 Introduction. 92 Research Hypothesis One92 viii 5. 3 5. 4 5. 5 5. 6 Research hypothesis Two98 Research hypothesis Three.. .. 103 Study Conclusion . . 109 Recommendations. 110REFERENCES.. 112 APPENDICES accessory A Questionnaire for Secondary School Teachers in Busiro County, Wakiso z maven 120 Appendix B Interview get for alternate school head teachers and their deputies on teacher originalism and teacher performance 126 Appendix C Questions for the teachers? decoct group discussions on teacher professionalism and teacher commitment..127 Appendix D Structured Interview for members of the Board of Governors and regularise Educational Officials on teacher professionalism and teacher performance. 129 Appendix E Budget for the Study.. 132 Appendix F Frequency control panels. . . 142 Appendix G Map of Wakiso regulate.. . . .. 143 LIST OF TABLES ix turn off 3. 1 Table 3. 2 Table 3. 3 Table 41 Table 4. 2 Table 4. 3 Table 4. 4 Table 4. 5 Table 4. 6 Nature of the sampled schools. 31 The target and tangible study population 32 Documents availed by schools. 36 Background information of teacher respondents. 44 compendious of teachers? self rating on the code of conduct.. . 47 Summary of teachers? solutions on planning.. . .. 57 Summary of teachers? responses on article of faith .. .. 58 Summary of teachers? responses on assessment .. 60 Pearson? s correlation coefficient coefficient on the code of conduct and teacher performance 63 Table 4. 7 Table 4. 8 Summary of teachers?responses on commitment 64 Head teachers and deputies? responses on how teachers? commitment can be deepen.. 69 Table 4. 9 Respondents? views on how they maintain the pride their teachers have in them.. 74 Table 4. 10 Pearson? s Correlation coefficient between teacher commitment and teacher performance. 80 Table 4. 11 Table 4. 12 Teachers? per ceptions of the teachers? code of conduct. . 81 Teachers reactions when a fellow teacher acts alfresco the code of conduct88 x Table 4. 13Teachers opinion on giving coy suspension to teachers who violate the code of conduct. . 89 Table 4. 14 T-test results on teacher performance by positive and negative perspectives. 91 xi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4. 1 Ways head teachers use in handling teachers who break the teachers? code.. .. 55 Figure 4. 2 Head teachers and Deputies responses on how the code of conduct enhances teachers? commitment. 68 Figure 4. 3 Head teachers and deputy head teachers? response on factors responsible for low teacher commitment.71 Figure 4. 4 Respondents? views on measures apply to ensure teachers? dedication, cooperation and willingness to their duties.. 72 Figure 4. 5 Figure 4. 6 BOG? s indication of the go steady of times they motivate teachers.. 77 B. O. G? s opinion on the dogma methods wanted for use by teachers to ensure effective learning.. . 78 F igure 4. 7 Teachers? perception of the important and most lived core value of the code.. 82 Figure 4. 8 Figure 4. 9 Teachers? responses on the mixed ways of strengthening each other84 Whether it is common to dedicate one?s time in attending to one? s duties. 90 xii ABSTRACT The study aimed at examining the deflect of teachers? professionalism on teacher performance in Busiro County secondary schools, Wakiso District. The study was consortd by the following objectives to afford the influence of the code of conduct (that is jimmy, integrity, truthfulness, reliance, fairness, service, equality) on teachers? performance in secondary schools, the perception of teachers towards the code of conduct in secondary schools and to establish the effect of commitment in harm of planning, assessment, and command on teachers?performance in Busiro County secondary schools, Wakiso District. The study employed a combination of both three-figure and qualitative approaches. The quantitative app roach used was a questionnaire and the qualitative approaches included use of interviews, focus group discussion, and documentary analysis. It utilized a cross-sectional sample survey design, which was largely descriptive and qualitative in nature. The study do the following findings The teachers? code does not have a significant birth with teacher performance. The study also reveals that commitment does not have a significant relationship with teacher performance.The study also reveals that legal age of teachers especially those in government and denominational individual(a) schools are committed to their work while those in for profit- making schools are less committed and this greatly impacts on their performance. The study further revealed that teachers have a positive attitude towards the teachers? code of conduct. xiii The study concluded that the results indicated that the code of conduct and teacher performance were not significantly correlated because it was well beyon d the benchmark sig meaning that the code of conduct does not have a positive effect on teacher performance.The study also concluded that teachers who act more professionally and are aware of their obligation and duty to the teachers? code of conduct do perform well both in and remote mannikin (extra-curricular activities). The study also concluded that teachers? performance is greatly associated with adherence to the teacher? s code of conduct. The study also concluded that teacher commitment and teacher performance were not significantly correlated because the results were well beyond the benchmark sig.meaning that teacher commitment does not have a positive effect on teacher performance. The study concluded that teacher perception in terms of positive and negative attitudes affects teacher performance. In addition, a big play of respondents have a positive attitude towards the code of conduct for teachers. The study also concludes that what seems to be brusque perception is a result of other factors such as poor remuneration, nature of the school and the implied school leadership and students. It was and so recommended that different authorities including teacher instruction debuts, Ministry of Education and Sports, schools and denominational education secretariates should avail to teachers personal copies of teachers? code of conduct. Furthermore, in order to enhance teachers? knowledge and perception of the code, there should be regular and refresher programmes in form of seminars, workshops among others through which teachers are educated on the value of behaving professionally, and lastly, the study recommends that in order to enhance teachers? commitment, fury should be laid on the need for teachers to act professionally.This could be through by applying the unhomogeneous remunerating aspects such as xiv astir(p) on teacher working conditions, improving on teacher rewards and other related benefits like the fringe benefits. xv CHAPTER ONE IN TRODUCTION 1. 0 Introduction Teachers are an important factor in determining the quality of education that children receive. Their professionalization therefore has been a centre of much concern among educators and researchers (Nkwanga, 1992). Its importance is not only for repute, differentiation from members of other professions, but in a sociological sense, as a form of kindly control.Therefore, for an educational institution to excel, it must(prenominal) focus on the quality, competence, knowledge and commitment of the teaching staff, which are actually embedded in their teaching profession code of conduct. Though professionalism is the ultimate goal of all professions, poverty, poor remuneration and poor training at times constrain its attainment. There are many factors which influence teacher professionalism such as attitude of the different education stake holders towards the teacher, gender, age and duration of service. These all have a burster to the teachers?professiona lism and the implied performance in and outside class. 1. 1 Background to the study Before the advent of compoundism there was no school to train teachers and there were no trained teachers (Ssekamwa, 1997). Most of the teaching was done informally at home, in clan meetings or in peer gatherings (Roscoe, 1915). And so in the traditional African society, teacher professionalism was built in their societal norms and prescriptions especially the values that were espoused at the time such as respect, honesty, integrity, trust among others (Muwagga, 2006).With the coming of the missionaries between 1877 and 1879, formal 1 education begun though the teaching was being carried out nether verandahs (Ssekamwa, 1999). Later, missionaries established schools which necessitated the establishment of teacher training schools to train teachers who would become professionals and these were equipped with both content and pedagogic skills (Ssekamwa, 1997). A professional is a person who has received training in theory and practice in a discipline for a long period of time and usually constrained by a code of conduct.The curriculum which basically constituted the 3Rs (that is Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic) was designated not only to create a new class of elites but also religiously adherent citizens (Nkwanga, 1992). The missionaries used a recruiting system of pupil-teacher to become their assistants in teaching but only those whose personalities seemed ideal for exemplary conduct in the community and had grasped some aspects of the 3Rs were recruited. This was the humble graduation of the emphasis of teachers? conduct in Uganda which underlies this study.As Wandira (1971) observed about early recruitment, Each missionary could stool an effort to further the spiritual, mental and pastoral training of such individual workers who by grace need special training for the work of the ministry. The early recruitment and routine of teachers both in the school and outside it was mo nitored by his conduct. The missionary view of teacher-professional conduct was gauged against the Bible and Clergymanship (Nkwanga, 1992). A teacher who could avoid intoxicating drinks, got wed in church and regularly attended church services, such teachers?works could be appreciated. Despite this emphasis on the puritanical conduct of teachers, less emphasis was put on content and pedagogy. 2 In 1925, a department of education was established in Uganda to oversee education in the protectorate and the colonial government then started normal schools to train teachers. Since most of these schools were run by missionaries, puritanical conduct was accentuate among teachers and those who found it difficult to comply with these standards found their way to private schools (Ssekamwa Lugumba, 1973).The pre-independence era in Uganda? s education system therefore witnessed a high degree of teacher? s discipline and high respectability in regard to the core values such as integrity, trus t, equality, service, fairness, honesty and respect in their profession (Mamdan, 1976). Historically, therefore, one can note that in Uganda teachers? professionalism has developed over the years. The 1950s saw the development of teaching as a profession as noted by Ssekamwa (1999).Those who took up the profession became professional teachers and these came to be termed as persons who have undergone formal training in a Primary Teachers Colleges (PTCs), National Teachers Colleges (NTCs) or a University College (Ssekamwa, 2000). Teacher professionalism therefore became a major source of contention between the different stakeholders in Uganda (Muwagga, 2006), and due to the growing autonomy that was given to educators, it has remained one of the most influential attributes of education nowadays (Ilukena, 1999).Therefore, teacher professionalism has had relevant significance in education and thus emphasizes both academic and professional obligations (Ssekamwa, 1997). Upon attainment o f independence in 1962, the Government of Uganda took education as one of its priorities to create a pool of manpower and accelerate scotch development (Wandira, 1971). The training of teachers was intensified at all levels. Uganda had graduate teachers 3 from Makerere University, diploma holders from NTCs and Grade trio teachers with a certificate in education from Primary Teachers? Colleges.It can also be noted that the item-by-item governments in Uganda have emphasized the secularization of education through the Teaching Service Commission (TSC) and the legacy of puritanical emphasis on teachers? conduct still survives in these schools. Society expects teachers to be exemplary but much as this is so, it is unfortunate that the liberalization of education in Uganda in the early 1990s, and the ontogeny in private secondary schools in post independence Uganda has eroded most of the core values espoused in the code of conduct for teachers (Nkwanga, 1992).Hence, this has led teac hers to develop a negative attitude towards the code thereby track many to have a low perception, and thus resulting into many problems such as teachers? disrespect of their profession, wherefore leading to poor students? performance, indiscipline, unending strikes, truancy and other delinquent behaviors of students among others (Nsereko, 1997). There is an increased report of impaired plus poor job performance by most teachers in Uganda and the argument and blame is displace on poor professional conduct by some teachers (Emojong, 2008).It is from the liberalization of education that allegations that the existence of private secular secondary schools and government secondary schools and those which are denominational but government aided pair with lose control by the Ministry of Education has had an impact on teachers? professionalism and the implied performance (Muwagga, 2006). By professionalism it is meant the basis of our consume with society and this embeds in it a profes sional code of ethics or conduct. According to Wandira (1986), teacher professionalism.4 means a teacher adhering to the teaching code of conduct. Therefore, teacher professionalism affects the intention of the teacher and his or her pedagogy, which in turn affects the student? s ability to learn effectively. Teacher training emphasizes both academic and professional obligations whereby the professional obligations imply teacher? s professionalism (Ssekamwa, 1997). Teachers? professionalism has developed over the years. On the other hand today teachers? professionalism is referred to as the teachers?Code of conduct (Ilukena, 1999). By teachers? code of conduct one refers to principals, values, standards, or rules of behavior that guide the decisions, procedures and systems of a school in which teachers work and in a way that (a) contributes to the welfare of its key stakeholders, and (b) view the rights of all constituents affected by its operations (Wandira, 1986). It could also refer to the expected professional standards of behaviour of members of a profession governed by professional code of conduct (Nkwanga, 1992).Professionalism has been found out to be the most repugn approach to mandated content while motivating, engaging, and inspiring aspect of preparing new teachers (Freidson, 1994). Talbert and McLaughlin (1996) define professionalism as the internalized beliefs regarding professional obligations, attributes, interactions, attitudes, values, and role behaviors. Professionalism means that teachers fully accept the challenges of teaching which are reflected in the three primary indicators of professionalism namely responsibility, respect and risk taking (Hyland, 2002). Teachers? professionalism as per this study is taken to be teachers?adherence to the code of conduct, teachers? commitment, and teachers? perception of the code of conduct and so, by code of conduct one refers to the core values which include respect, honesty, integrity, trust, equ ality, service, fairness, and tolerance, teachers? perception refers to 5 teachers? attitude (that is positive and negative) towards the teachers? code of conduct and commitment refers to dedication, willingness, cooperation, voluntarism, belongingness, excitement, and pride. The researcher also adopts the International dictionary? s meaning of a teacher? and then perception?.A teacher is one who teaches or instructs learners to mature knowledge or skills usually with the imparting of necessary incidental information and the giving of incidental supporterer and encouragement. On the other hand, perception is a sensory impression or mental image derived from past experiences (Namugwanya, 2006). As per this study, perception refers to the positive and negative attitude of teachers, towards the core values of the code of conduct for teachers. Performance on the other hand refers to how well or badly an individual, organization, group or institution does something or some task (Nampa , 2006).On the other hand, Otemo (2004) defines performance as the consistent ability to modernise results over prolonged periods of time and in a variety of assignments. Thus, this research treats job performance of teachers as planning, teaching, and assessment which are reflected in setting objectives, evaluating lessons, organization, extra duties, time management, and lesson planning, preparing schemes of work, creating a conducive environment, using various methods, strategies, and ensuring discipline and records of work and lastly giving students exercises, examinations, quizzes, and debates.This study therefore viewed job performance of teachers as an consequent of teachers? professionalism and thus invoked two Theories of Teleologism which begun with the philosophies of Aristotle (348BC) and Deontologism propounded by Kant (1724-1804) (Russell, 1996). The Theory of Teleologism implies duty and moral obligation being inherent 6 in one? s actions. Moral obligation presuppos ing an obligation to perform an act because that act fulfills one?s code of conduct, cultural dictates, religion or professional obligations, These are in lieu of respect, integrity, equality, trust, service, honesty and fairness. On the other hand by Deontologism, it implies an end or good which lies both in the duty, spiritual dictates tradition and conventions of society (Gonsalves, 1989). Teacher performance in Busiro County, Wakiso District is observed to be going down. Muzaale (2008) reports that there is poor performance of secondary teachers in Busiro County, Wakiso District which is reflected in the poor results of the students they are teaching.Nakabugo (2008) reports on the poor performance of teachers that is as a result of their late coming to school thus leading to students scatty their morning lessons, having little time for consultation and obtaining poor grades. She attributes this poor performance to teachers? absenting themselves from schools and only giving pe riodical tests and continuous assignments to students. The same author has further asserts that most head teachers are never in offices to save their duties defilement rate by some teachers is at its pick and use of vulgar language onwards students in class.Emojong, (2008) Miti (2008) reports that teachers do not give exercises to students, teachers miss classes without strong reasons and are irregular at school. The district reports 2006, 2007, and 2008 also reveal that there is persistent poor performance in examinations, staff turnover and students? indiscipline. 1. 2 Statement of the problem Teacher performance is looked at as one of the ways in which academic excellence in schools can be enhanced, motivates students to work hard, reflects teachers?competence and brings 7 out teachers as agents of social change (Manana, 2005). Unfortunately, Nampa (2006) comments that the performance of teachers has sunk, and Wakiso district reports (2007) and Waiswa (2009) comment that stud ents are often left without being given class work, they are defiled, teachers absent themselves from school duties, come late and leave early and head teachers are hardly seen in their offices executing their duties.This failure to fully embrace their duties is breeding several negative results such as low and poor academic performance, student indiscipline, and student turn-over. In turn, this is affecting teachers? adherence to their code of conduct, their attitude towards the core values of the code of conduct, their dedication, willingness, voluntarism, belongingness, cooperation, excitement and pride. If the current situation is not urgently addressed, it may increase immorality that may eventually paralyze the profession of teachers.While several sources such as word of honor articles and education stakeholders are reporting a decline in teachers? performance in different move of the country, none is looking at teachers? professionalism as a likely factor that may be perfor ming a major role. This concern therefore drives the researcher to examine how teacher professionalism influences teachers? performance in Busiro County secondary schools, Wakiso District. 1. 3 Purpose The purpose of the study was to establish the influence of teachers?professionalism on teacher performance in Busiro County secondary schools, Wakiso District. 1. 4 Objectives The study aimed at achieving the following specific objectives 1. To establish the relationship between the teachers? code of conduct and teachers? performance in Busiro County, secondary schools, Wakiso District. 8 2. To establish the relationship between teachers? commitment in terms of planning, assessment, and teaching and teachers? performance in Busiro County secondary schools in, Wakiso District. 3.To find out the perception of teachers towards the teachers? code of conduct in Busiro County, secondary schools, Wakiso District 1. 5A Research Questions The study was guided by the following research question s 1. How does the teachers? code of conduct contribute to teacher performance in Busiro County secondary schools, Wakiso District? 2. How does teachers? commitment in terms of planning, assessment, and teaching contribute to teacher performance in Busiro County secondary schools, Wakiso District? 3. What is the teachers? perception of the teachers?code of conduct in Busiro County secondary schools, Wakiso District? 1. 5B Research Hypotheses 1. The teachers? code of conduct has a positive relationship with teacher performance in Busiro County secondary schools, Wakiso District. 2. Teachers? commitment in terms of planning, assessment, and teaching a positive relationship with District. 3. Teachers? perception of the teachers? code of conduct affects teacher performance in Busiro County secondary schools, Wakiso District. teacher performance in Busiro County secondary schools, Wakiso.9 1. 6 Scope of the study The study was carried out in Wakiso District, Busiro County secondary school s. It cogitate on establishing how the teachers code of conduct, commitment influence teacher performance, and teachers? perception of the teachers? code of conduct. The District is bordered with Luwero District in the North, Mukono District in the West, Kalangala District in the South, Kampala District in the South-West, Mubende District in the East, and Kiboga District in the North-East (See Appendix VII).The study focused on the core values of the code of conduct, attitude of teachers towards the core teacher values and commitment. For teacher performance, the study focused on planning, teaching and assessment. The respondents targeted were head teachers, deputy head teachers, classroom teachers, and heads of disciplinary committees, local government and education officials in charge of teachers and members of the Boards of Governors (BOGs). 1. 7 Significance of the study.The study was to be of help to a number of people namely the Ministry of Education and Sports (MoES), Distri ct Educational Officials, BOG, teachers, head teachers, and other related stakeholders. The MoES officials and district education officials it was hoped were to benefit from the study findings in a number of ways namely they will have benchmarks for the effective and efficient supervision of their teachers, put in place counseling services, repost and punish misguide teachers exposed by these findings and hence improve the quality of teachers and education.10 The members of the Board of Governors will realize the importance of teacher professionalism in enhancing teacher performance and hence put measures in place that will help teachers love and respect their profession all of which will help gloom professionally responsible teachers. It was also hoped that the study would draw teachers?.

Functionalism in Family Essay Example for Free

Functionalism in Family EssayIt wasnt until I was eight old age old that I was fin eachy adopted. My adopted family, who I consider to be my real family, taught me a lot. They help shape and mold me into the person that I am today. According to our fellowship textbook, the family, in its galore(postnominal) varying dos, is present in all human cultures (Schaefer, pg. 306). The family is impacted by all trey sociological theories. In my paper I will discuss the impact that all three of the theories. Functionalism, struggle and Interactionism, have on the neighborly institution of family.I accept that the hearty institution of family is what makes us who we are. It helps to form our personality and our lives when we become adults. My family taught me how to make moral decisions in my vitality, how to become an independent individual in society and how to manage a family of my own. I pretty over some(prenominal) do not follow one(a) exact theory. I agree with galore(po stnominal) of the different aspects of all three theories. The first theory I will discuss will be the Functionalist theory. As outlined by William F. Ogburn, the family is meant to perform six predominant functions as follows * Reproduction Protection * Socialization * Regulation of sexual behavior * Affection and Companionship * readiness of Social Status I agree with Ogburn on many of these functions. I think that the family teaches you companionship and how to form an affectionate family with someone. I also agree tone of the main functions of a family is Reproduction. God says in the Bible that we are to be fruitful. It is our duty to reproduce to make more beings on earth. My family also serves as a security blanket for me.I know when all else fails my family will always be thither for me and take me back with no questions asked. The functionalist theory affects the views of an individual in a family in many ways. To me it makes them a more st fit person, with more trad itional views. Functionalism does not leave too much populate for social change within a family. Usually units of a family have a set of beliefs that they were raised on and consider the norm for them. TO stray from this would be abnormal and not right. Functionalism was a strong belief years ago when things were more traditional. This was just the way of deportment.This theory to me would be one of the main reasons why many people are against things such as gay marriage, unmarried couples having babies and shacking up and unwed m differents. On the other side of the spectrum we have the Conflict theorists. Conflict theorists view the family not as a contributor to social stability, but as a reflection of the inequality in wealth and power that is found within the larger society (Schaefer, pg. 292). Although I do agree with many of the aspects of the Functionalist theory, I agree with some of the points that the Conflict theory makes as well.I know for a fact when I was a child, my brother got out-of-door with murder. There were things that I couldnt do that my brother could do because he was a boy. I had a friend who parents wouldnt allow her to go anywhere, she had to go to High School down the block from her home, she couldnt go to the mall until she was 18, and she was forced to go to college near home. Going away to college was a no- no for her as far as her parents were concerned. However, her younger brother went to a High School way across town from their house, he was hanging out at the age of 13, and he went away to college hours from their house.Many families in many cultures tend to be male chauvinistic, and bring out about inequality between the sexes. This was the way of life in the United States at a time. The man was the one who went out and worked and brought home the bacon. There were things that a man could do that woman couldnt. The man was the sole provider and the authoritarian. Nowadays, women have just as much say so as men do. I h ave much power and authority in my family. My kids consider me and their stepdad to be equals. We make decisions and compromises on many things such as the bills, household needs and the children.Although thither has been great change in this shift of power from man to woman in a family, on that point are still some situations where things have not change as much. Studies have shown that for every provincial dad there are 38 stay at home moms (Schaefer, pg. 292). The conflict theory affects the views of individuals in a family because the man a sense of power and authority. It makes the women out to be subservient to her husband or to man period. It lends to situations such as Domestic Violence. I came across an article by Kathryn Yount and LiLi, it discusses Egyptian womens justification of Domestic Violence. In a study done, 5,450 women in Egypt, they found that one half confirm wife hitting or beating for some reason (Yount, 2009). It is the conflict theory that leads many wom en to recollect and justify Domestic Violence. There is little change for social change with the conflict theory. As expound in our textbook, conflict theorists also view the family as an economic unit that contributes to social injustice (Schaefer, pg. 292). parliamentary law view women as subservient and believe their role to be that of a woman in the kitchen cooking, unshod and pregnant. Last but not least we have the Interactionalist theory.Unlike the conflict and the functional theory, this theory observes the family relationship between individuals in the family and how they interact with one another. In a study of both black and washcloth two=parent households, researchers found that when fathers are more involved with their children (reading to them, helping them with their homework, or restricting their television viewing), the children have fewer behavior problems, get along better with others and are more responsible (Schaefer, pg. 293) The relationship between fam ily members can determine the outcome of ones behavior.This theory provides a lot of association on fixing problems in a family. My son was playacting up in school and I could not figure what his problem was. When my fiancee and I became more involved with him and his work, having join Boy Scouts, and talk to him one on one, his behavior changed. I received less and less calls from his teacher about him acting up in school. In family matters the importance of mattering to a family in adolescence, Gregory Elliott, demonstrated that the lack of mattering in ones family contributes to the degree of connectedness one feels to the social order (Churchill, 2010).Relationships between family members matter a lot. I have a friend who had a horrible relationship with her mother. In turns she had a bad relationship with her daughter, and her daughter has a bad relationship with her daughter. Tough love was a major problem in their situation. The Interactionist has the greatest affect on fa mily members views. It makes one more open-minded and understanding. It leaves plenty of room for social change within a family. By studying the relationships between family members we will be able to substantiate behaviors and why certain things happen.Society will in turn change their views on family life and accept change and different forms of families. Many people find it strange that it doesnt matter to me that my kids biologic farther refuses to pay child support and I still want him to see his kids as much as possible. I came across a study done by Yoshi Sano, Leslie Richards and Anisa Zvonkovis in the journal of Family Issues. I found that Contrary to some fathers claims that mothers gate keep their access to children, the legal age of mothers in the study just wanted increased father involvement.The mothers desire for active agent father child interaction was not dampened by their frustration at the lack or constipation of child support payment, which mothers tended to accept given the lack of economic opportunities in rural communities (Sano, Richards, et. al, 2008). I believe that out of all three theories interactionism teaches one the most and has the greatest impact on family. We can call for from our interactions with one another and others as well. Functionalism is different from all three because it just basically believes that the family has basic functions.It doesnt go on any evidence or studies. The Conflict theory believes that family brings about conflict. Its sole pattern is to cause inequality between the sexes. The social institution of family is affected by all three of the theories. I feel that and truly believe that it would benefit best form the interactionist theory. This can be backed up by studies and research. It will help to make society more understanding. References Churchill, C. (2010, February). Family matters the importance to family in adolescence. Choice, 47(6), 1168.

Organizational Behavior Issues in Aussieco Essay Example for Free

Organizational Behavior Issues in Aussieco EssayAussieco, an Australian troupe ceremonious as a small realityufacturing and service operation bon ton in 1962 is now a richly expanded smart set with 600 employees. The association built its reputation on a single product dimension 90 per cent of the Australian market in the 1980. Over the years the market holding has departed down by 30 percent in spite of the product being unique and company facing little competition in the market (Jones,Gal, n. d) The downturn in Aussiecos consummation is in the main due to discerns with the companys management and presidential termal behavior. Organizational Behavior refers to the understanding, prediction and management of military personnel behavior in organizations (Luthans,2010). It is the study of individuals and their behavior in a work place. A companys performance and outcome largely depends on its organisational behavior as it is an interdisciplinary field that includes soci ology, psychology, discourse and management. Aussiecos organizational behavior issues can be explained through Henri Fayols 14 management principles.Henri Fayols theory of administration and organizational behavior focuses on the in the flesh(predicate) duties of management and tutorial effectiveness which aussieco lacked. (Fayol,1971). The company has inexperienced stave and no specialization as major elevated authority module is friends and family without masterful knowledge. The executive managing director is the owners nephew with no practical or industrial experience. The production supervisor is the production managers best friend who has little knowledge of the daily production tasks as he is a carpet fitter by qualification.Employees at the operative level are unsettled labor mostly lacking formal qualification. On diversification, management failed to understand the changing market needs. Aussieco fol natural depressions the antecedent culture where control is cen tralized. The major motivational or driving force is fear (Luthans,2011). Suggestions and personal preferences are not welcomed. The owner-chairman reacts in a strong negative way if any managers trust differentiates from his. This lack of consultation leads to staff feeling de motivated and undervalued.Though there has been division of labor and departmentalization in the company alone the managers lack authority and responsibility. On the instance of owner accepting order from a bad debt customer without consulting the general manager shows lack of authority for the manager. Owners dictatorial emplacement and ignorance of modern trends hold back up the dedicated managers to improve and bring changes in the companys working, as they are either fired from the job or become his instant enemies. The company lacks discipline and employee commitment. lack of loyalty, no willingness to put high levels of effort, no belief in the companys endings and vales and lack of assent in the management all together leads to all the issues of Aussieco. During lunch hours the higher-ranking management and sales staff pay off access to unlimited alcohol in the workplace. Assembly line workers underperform and hold back production with vague excuses. Subordination of individual interest over the companys interest and goal is one of the major problems of Aussieco Employees overtime to get paid extra and not for productive outcomes.Also the senior programmer in spite of completing his work order uses his work holiday for personal matters. at that place is lack of equity and justice among the employees. The rule being everyone must vacate office during lunch relent but exceptions for the senior management and sales staff that eat in the work place, operatives and other staff are allowed no food or drinks in the workplace. The migrant staff is treated well and fall apart than its own internal staff. at that place are less(prenominal) internal promotions. High employee tur nover, no perceptual constancy of raise of personnel is another major issue with Aussieco.To attain maximum productivity of personnel it is essential to nonplus a stable workforce, which Aussieco lacks. in that respect are frequent mass resignations in the company. No production manager lasts for more than 3 years in the company. The post of personnel manager is vacant since 2 months. Employees have no job security and frankincense are not fully committed to their work. This further increases the companys costs of recruitment,selection and training. There is lack of motivation and initiative by the management for the welfare of the employees.There is lack of rewards, appraisal and bonus. The workshop roofs are without insulation and leak during heavy rain, no doors and filthy windows decimal point toward bad and unhealthy working conditions. This even gave a loss of $AUS 500,000 when water leakage blew a computerized robot. No parking area provided for the employees, who reach frustrated to the office,which in turn shows in their slow performance. deficiency of organize work, irregularity in work and no proper accounts and records maintained by the managers is another organizational issue for Aussieco.Though the record showed a stock of 4700 resistors but none could be located. A welder forgotten by the company after fitting of new automat is idle and has no contribution in the company. Reasons why these problems occur. star of the major reason for the organizational issues of aussieco is the employee attitude. telephone line satisfaction focuses on employee attitude and organizational commitment focuses on their attitude towards the organization. Job satisfaction is determined by how well the expectations of employees are met in return of their outturn (Luthans,2011).The aspects of job satisfication are not met by Aussieco. Employees of Aussieco are unsatisfied with the kind of work they get, the job provides less opportunities for learning and les s responsibility. There is lack of remuneration and pay, less promotional opportunities, bad working conditions. This high level of job dissatisfaction of employees reflects in their low performance, companys low profits, high employee turnover, high absenteeism and low level of commitment towards the company.The attitude of employees in an organization is largely influenced by the kind of environment the organization posses and further the attitude of employees affects their efficiency and performance at the organizational level. The environment of aussieco is not employee friendly gum olibanum employees have a negative attitude. Employee traits can be best explained by the Five factor model. Job performance is highly dependent on an individuals conscientiousness (i. e dutifulness, persistence, industriousness) and emotional stability (i. anxiety, security, suspiciousness).In Aussieco employees had low conscientiousness and low emotional stability which affected their overall task performance and contextual performance. Organizational commitment is an important attitude toward the employers and the company. It is the extent to which we identify with them. Most of the employees, posses continuance organizational commitment, which is a calculative approach, where they chose to continue working in the company because they have to rather than their want or obligation.This attitude is influenced by perceived costs of leaving the company, lack of opportunities, age, peer pressure, society expectations etc. Employees of Aussieco create this attitude because of the mechanistic treatment they receive and lack of empathy from management. Autocracy is the concentration of power and authority in hands of one person. The management of Aussieco has an autocratic structure with the owner having unlimited power and absolute authority. There is a strict hierarchical structure orders are sent from top level to bottom level.Ideas, personal opinions and suggestions are unwelco med. In this management style managers believe workers must be controlled to ensure maximum productivity (Luthans,2011). Aussiecos structure can be best explained by Douglas McGregors theory X. This theory represents an presumption of conflicting and negative working attitudes. The managers assume an average person dislikes work and will avoid it if possible, thus must be forced with threat of punishment to achieve organizational goals. An average person prefers to be directed and avoids responsibility.This approach encourages deadline and ultimatums, arrogant and demanding managers, mechanistic approach, no concern toward staff and one way intercourse (Jeremiah,2009). In Aussieco this approach resulted in a negative attitude by the employees, made them insecure and unhappy. Lack of Taylors scientific management. Frederik winslow taylors key idea was to improve industrial efficiency scientifically. He support scientifically selecting and training workers and regularly monitoring their work to improve efficiency which also improves work man happiness and positivity (Lynch,1984).Aussieco lacked scientific selection, training and development of workmen and passively left them to train themselves. Managers did not cope and provide instructions to the employees and there was no division of work between managers and workers. There was lack of specialization, convertible and systematic approach. The company continuously changed its suppliers for cheapest material available, a supplier providing 99. 5% quality level charging $20 per unit was replaced with a supplier charging $12per unit. The quality of the product suffered, increasing customer complaints and affecting the goodwill of the company negatively.There is lack of communication between departments, department managers and workers and senior management and managers. The senior management is unapproachable and not interested in the issues of the company and workers. Though Taylorism has faced criticism of exploitation, mechanistic approach etc but in relation to Aussieco, the company needs to adapt certain principles of Taylorism for a better organizational working. To conclude Ausseicos major issue is organizational and management structure. The company should have a more human-centered and realistic approach with a right balance of authority and responsibility.

Theory of Constraints Essay Example for Free

Theory of Constraints EssayExecutive summary Customers nowadays beg better services and products in hurt of delivery and production. Therefore to satisfy these customer needs and expectations companies mustiness enact win overs in their functioninges.Competition is so intense that if a come with does non better its dish upes with kind, so competitors give drive you out of business. Customers, employees, sh atomic number 18holders and other stakeholders in a company continually petition improved products, services and positiveness. All these demands calls for lower cost of production and hence the solicitude is at tenor to deliver the trustworthys this. It is critical that a company initiates a process of on-going amelioration, which focuses on internal process changes kinda of the company undergoing reactionary changes precipitated by external changes. To achieve this change through a process of on-going improvement, the company should movement its processe s and this involves starting by asking the right questions to reveal critical aras that need improvement. According to the Goldratt programt some of the apposite questions than needs to be asked include the followingWhat to changeTo what to changeHow to make out the changeThese questions must be answered effectively and in a shorter duration of time in order to achieve the process of on-going improvement (Goldratt and Cox 1994)The purpose of this research is to explore the TOC creation and how it so-and-so be utilize in various functions and day to day transactions in formations.Definition Theory of timiditys is a way philosophy develop in the 1984 and popularized by Dr. Eliyahu Goldratt. It involves the focus on mental imagerys and the identification of the backwardnesss.The resources ar then channeled to the simplenesss that involve the companys bottom line. TOC starts by identifying the root causes of a modesty or problem, developing understandable chart and formulating steps that solve the root causes of the problem and constraints (Goldratt et al 2000)It is basically identifying a goal and formulating ship bearing of achieving that goal on a consistent basis. TOC is divided into twoFive focusing steps peculiar(a) view processesHow it worksSpecial thinking processes The pertinent questions asked what to change, to what to change, how to cause change provides a framework and thinking process, which is an integral part of TOC process as a full-page. Solutions to problems are formulated through the adoption of st enjoingies developed on logic of cause-and- profess. The whole c erstpt of cause-and-effect analyzes a problem from the signs to coming up with an action plan (Scheinkopf 1999)TOC is applied in organic laws to solve problems. It is aptly described using the following questions.What to change Core deviation is a problem that is unavoidable, unresolved problem that hinders the organization from achieving its desired goals. T his conflict can be identify through observed signs and cause-and-effect methods.Due to the nature of the core conflict causing undesired and damaging make, organizations are forced to formulate policies that will remedy these undesired and damaging effects ca apply by the core conflict.The commencement ceremony process is the identification of the core conflict using the three-cloud process. The core conflict to be identified is resolved whether it is maven that is causing all the inapplicable effects.The second process of TOC in answering the what to change question is the developing of the current reality tree which justifies the core conflict identified in process 1 above. Current reality tree explaining the cause and effects patterns and in addition recognizes the factors that aid the universe of discourse of un wanted effects.To what to change In answering this question, solution to the core conflict is developed. Questioning all the dianoetic assumptions underlying th e existence of the core conflicts does this. It is paramount that the solution developed should treat completely all the causes and a whole arena of other aspects of the undesirable effects. The solution developed is basically a schema that will include improvements. These improvements hold bum that the core conflict does not recur again. The solution developed take into consideration the anticipated undesirable effects and and thenly deters their occurrence.The third step of the TOC process under to what to change question is the identification of the assumptions butt the core conflict and trying to eliminate them. This is through by the critical evaluation and questioning of these assumptions.The 4th step is the construction of a future reality tree that is able to formulate and develop a solution (strategy) to the core conflict and the undesirable effects. The undesirable effects should be desirable effects after(prenominal) the adoption of the strategy which should be in line with the overall strategic objectives of the administration. The solution must also prevent any nevertheless occurrence of undesirable effects and suggest the improvements in terms of policies, procedures or benchmarks. It is also necessary that the strategy support the current TOC applications employ to examine the effectiveness of the new strategy in solving the core conflict (Schragenheim 1999)How to cause change Since the whole concept of TOC is about on-going improvements which as seen earlier, is basically change, then the organization should develop ways of implementing the changes bearing in mind the various organization cultures.The idea of planning for the changes is to avoid resistance because without the full cooperation of stakeholders in an organization, even the best of the strategies is doomed to fail. How to cause change question leads to the fifth and sixth steps of a TOC process. The fifth step involves the development of a tactical objectives map. Th is is usually a road map that identifies the various steps that the organization undergoes from the current kingdom to the future state. In the future state, the strategy formulated to cope with the core conflict and undesirable effects, is fully actualized and therefore the organization is on course to achieve its goals.The process of developing the tactical objectives map should clear explain the functions of each sub system within a certain specified duration. A essential tree is used to achieve the objective (Schragenheim 1999)The sixth and final step of the TOC process is the formulation of ways in which all the proposed actions will work together in order to reach the future state. The proposed actions kindred will be explained using transition trees. The Five Focusing steps of TOC In any capacious system in an organization, there are factors that negate the attainment of the set goals. These factors are usually dis beatable and prevent the system from achieving the set goals. These factors are what are called constraints. TOC establishes that in any system, there exist constrains that affect the attainment of the objectives in a system. Effective, earlier identification and solving of these constraints leads to better formulation of solutions which will improve the system in terms of future strategic improvements. TOC works on the premise that in an organization or system, there are strong and weak shoots. It further explains that focusing on the strong heads of system or organization is an act in futility because the whole system will still be negated by the one weak point. Therefore it is all important(p) that organizations concentrate in strengthening or eliminating that weak point in order to improve the whole system. The five focusing steps of TOC explain the achievement of on-going improvement through the analysis of the constraints in a unbroken process.The five steps areConstraints identification set how to exploit the constraint in t he best waySubordinate everything else to above decisionsElevate the system constraintsAvoiding inactiveness being a constraint and if constrain is broken in step 4 go back to step 1Constraint identificationA problem cannot be fixed if it has not been identified. The same(p) case applies to a constraint. The organization needs to identify the constraints that hinder the achievement of the set goals.The undesired effects are then assessed to establish whether they are from one constraint.All the above identification and analysis of the constraint helps the organization to formulate strategies that are used to mitigate the undesirable effects consulting from the constraint.Exploitation of the constraintConstraints are the cause of lack of the achievement of the system goals. Therefore it is necessary that an organization uses the identified constraints and turning them to desirable effects which then aids in the achievement of the system or organisational goals. The organization shou ld ensure that it makes most of the opportunities resulting from the identified constraint.Subordinating everything else to decisions aboveAny policies or requirements of a non-constraint that are outside the surmount of the constraint should be subordinated thereof avoid limiting the constraint. The system should also not expect the constraint to produce to a greater extent than its capability because it might lead to more branches of constraints like increased lead times, enumeration pile up and clash of decisions that may confuse the whole system. The constraint subordination leads to the identification of the opportunities that be utilized in the achievement of system and organizational goals.Elevate the system constraint Excess and unutilized opportunities can only be realized after the isolation and analysis of the constraint through care. Isolation of the constraint may also indicate that extra opportunities in terms of e.g. capacity may be needed. therefore the achiev ement or transfer of workload to other resources may be initiated (McMullen 1998) It is important that ahead an acquisition of excess resource capacity is undertaken all possible options that lead to goal achievement are explored and thus save on the creation of unnecessary extra capacity which can itself become a constraint hence creating branches of constraints.If in previous steps constraints are broken go back to step 1During the exploitation subordination or elevation of the constraint, it might be eliminated. The elimination of constraint does not wet that there will be no further constraint. Other constraints will be appear and therefore the need to revisit the whole process by going back to step 1 An character of how solving one constraint l finish ups to another is when the constraint is lack of capacity. Acquiring more capacity thereby l repealing more rooms for production may eliminate lack of capacity. However, this may lead to overrun so that the new constraint is th e lack of market (McMullen 1998) Therefore TOC involves the analysis of systems and processes in a continuous manner hence the term on-going improvement.Application of Theory of ConstraintsTheory of constraints principles has been applied in a long variety of fields ranging from business, political science to non-government organizations. Utilization of TOC processes creates huge savings in costs and increase in profitability. Basically it can lead to faster realization of system goals, which is the desire of any organization. Some of the areas that TOC concept can be applied include the followingManufacturing operationsLogistic and supply chain pay and accountingProject managementMarketing and salesSynchronous Flow manufacturing (SFM)In a manufacturing process, the grinds resources in terms of capacity is hampered by its constraints operation, the capacity constraining resource (CCR) The constraint leads to inefficiencies, which may include loss of time due to e.g. idle time. The loss of this time is irrecoverable. In a manufacturing process, the speculation of constraints measures the performance based on the amount of finished goods produced, levels of inventories and operating expenses. The number of units of finished goods produced should be more while the inventory levels and operating expenses amount should be lower (Levinson 2002). In a synchronous operate manufacturing, the production information is between CCR and production starts. The CCR ensures production in form of production starts. A famine at the CCR leads to lose of time, which cannot be recovered. The Drum- devotee-Rope production control is achieved in a SFM in the following wayThe constraint operation controls the factorys production speed by hindering the overall rate of production. This is same as beating the drum of the speed of production. The constraint is then connected with the production outputs by a rope in order to achieve the level of production speed dictated by the CCR. It is also necessary that a buffer of inventory is maintained at the or just before the constraint to avoid stoppages in pre constraint production stages. The whole process thus results in a Drum-Buffer-Rope production (Levinson 2002).Logistics TOC application in logistics involves the analysis of drum-buffer-rope scheduling, buffer management and VAT.Drum-Buffer-Rope It is used to plan the flow of materials in a TOC process. As explained earlier in the SFM, the drum is the constraint and is responsible for determining the speed of the whole process. Buffer is the resource that sustains the end product. Buffer stock avoids breaks in the process therefore ensuring the optimization of the end product.The rope is a plan for introducing inputs to the production floor. It is basically a control that ensures that no more than the ask resources are released into the production floor. The rope also ensures that the constraint is subordinated by the non-capacity constraints (Dettmer 1998)B uffer oversight It helps in the management of the production schedule in the production floor. The buffers can be at the constraint, assembly or shipping. Buffer management ensures that there is no idle capacity, which can lead to the non-achievement of the end product or customer deadline.VAT Analysis VAT analysis establishes the general flow of the production process from the beginning to the end i.e. the flow of inputs up to the end product. VAT analysis assumes that the whole production process in terms of products, raw materials and processes are intertwined. VAT analysis, therefore, establishes that the interactions result into three production structures the V logical, A logical and T logical structures. Logical structures are the expected patterns and processes hat a product must undergo to its result (Dettmer 1998) The V logical structure starts the production process with one or a few inputs, which then result into many a(prenominal) products as it flows through the lo gical structures. The end result of this production process is many end products.The A logical structure starts with many inputs which then converge as the production process progress and consequently result into a single or few finished products. The T logical structure results into same end products produced from the same process and sub processes. The raw materials pass through a number of same processes, which then provide inputs to the several sub processes that result into similar end products.In VAT analysis, the system control points, which can be gating operations, divergent points, constraints and delivery points are identified and managed once the production flow is determined. These control points are then analyzed to establish whether buffers can be used to maximize the production and avoid stoppages (Dettmer 1998) The control points to be adopted in the management of the production process depend on the shape of the logical structure.A V structure utilizes the constrai nt, gating operation and divergent points. Buffers are used to ensure uninterrupted flow to the constraint with gating operation controlling the resource availability. Divergent point uses the delivery schedule thus avoiding wrong material allocation. A T structure uses constraint and gating operation with the output of the gating being pegged on the constraint. The constraint is managed using the five steps focusing process.In the A logical structure, the constraints, gating operation, divergent and convergent points are analyzed.Finance and Accounting In a Finance surgical incision of a company, there are two types of accounting storys that are do the Financial accounting (for shareholders, government and other external stakeholders) and Management accounting (for management).Under the management accounting, the following accounting techniques are usedAbsorption costing focuses on costVariable costing contributionThroughput accounting is arrived at if the concepts of compactn ess and variable costing are applied to management accounting. Throughput accounting is basically cash based non allocation method which is slightly different from full absorption costing in the sense that throughput accounting expenses manufacturing budget items costs in the period the product is produced while full absorption costing allocates the costs to products until change (Youngman 2008).The measures of throughput, inventory and operating expense can be used together with the analysis of constraints to maximize profitability in a business.Decisions made are based on the knowledge of constraints within the system and where it will occur in the future. These constrains can be external or internal.Internal constraints calls for the calculation of the through put generated per unit item of the constraint while external constraints treats any through put above full variable costs or positive contribution to the system (Youngman 2008).In throughput accounting, a change of one c ritical aspect calls for the complete evaluation of the whole system. It is basically the effects of decision but not the product that is considered.Despite of all the benefits of throughput accounting over marginal and absorption costing, it has been found that it is not perfect. It does not allocate fixed costs. This thus has lead to the development of Constraints Accounting concept.Constraints accounting, introduces the effects of constraints to profit and loss statement thus subordinating management accounting to the set goals of the firm. Constraints are broken as operating providing ways of achieving goal congruence in both short term and long term results (Caspari and Caspari 2004)Project ManagementAll types of jobs in different fields have two common problems that they are uncertain and competing resources, deadlines and project details. These problems therefore make project management an uphill task. TOC tries to address the problems associated with projects by answering the three pertinent questions ofWhat to changeTo what to changeHow to cause the changeIn answering the What to change question, the organization must identify and effectively solve the cause of all the problems associated with project management. (Jacob and Mc Cleland 2001)Multiple projects may pose solemn problems resulting from wrong decisions on project start times. Wrong start times may affect the resource committed to existing projects thus delaying their finish times. Single projects problems may originate form wrong assumptions made during the planning and scheduling stages (Schragenheim 1999)Answering the to what to change question should adequately tackle the root causes of problems associated with project management. This is done through planning, effective scheduling, introduction of work that creates extra capacity, project control and work actions that facilitate good project performance (Newbold 1998)Project planning involves all stakeholders and basically identifies constraints thereby avoiding reworks halfway through the projects. grievous tasks, paths and resource needs are establishedProject scheduling considers the critical chain by evaluating task, resources and grommet dependencies.Introduction of work should not exceed the existing capacity so as to avoid creating further constraints.Buffer management helps in the control of the project by identifying areas that need buffer stock thus ensuring uninterrupted flow of work.TOC project management adopts delay runner work ethics, which enables the workers to immediately start working(a) on the assigned tasks, and provide notification of completed works (Jacob and Mc Cleland 2001)The last question of the project management is the How to cause the change. Change should be implemented at a pace that allows for the identification of necessary changes while at the same time ensuring project progress.Conclusion It is evident from the discussions above that TOC is an important concept, which revo lutionizes business processes hence leading to the attainment of the set goals of organizations. The adoption of TOC concept in the various organizational functions in many industries underscores its importance.ReferencesGoldratt, E. M., and Cox J., (1994). The Goal A process of continuous improvement, 2nd Revised Edition. The atomic number 7 River tweet.Goldratt, E. M., Schragenheim, E., and Ptak, C., (2000) Necessary but not sufficient. The North River Press.Caspari, J. A., and Caspari, P., (2004) Management Dynamics merging constraints accounting to drive improvement. tush Wiley Sons Inc.Dettmer, H. W., (1998) Breaking the constraints to world class performance. ASQ Quality Press.Scheinkopf, L., (1999) Thinking for a change putting the TOC thinking processes to use. St Lucie Press/APICS series on constraint management.Schragenheim, E., (1999) Management dilemmas The Theory of Constraints approach to problem identification and solutions. St. Lucie Press.Newbold, R. C., (1998) Project management in the fast lane applying the theory of constraints. St. Lucie Press, 284 pp.McMullen, T. B. C., (1998) Introduction to the Theory of Constraints (TOC) management system. St. Lucie Press.Jacob, D., B and Mc Cleland, W., T (2001). The Theory of Constraints Project Management. The Goldratt Institute. Retrieved on 6/3/2008 from http//www.goldratt.com/tocpmwhitepaper.pdfYoungman, K. J (2008). A guide to implementing TOC. Retrieved on 6/3/2008 fromhttp//www.dbrmfg.co.nz/Bottom%20Line%20Accounting%20for%20Change.htmLevinson, A. W. (2002). The theory of constraints and synchronous flow manufacturing. Levinson Productivity Systems P.C. retrieved on 6/3/2008 fromhttp//www.ct-yankee.com/ tend/toc_sfm.html