Access to Medicine in India

Access to Medicine in IndiaFor a wellness brass to be effective, footing of admission to medicines is a critical component. Hence, it is necessary that keen quality medicines ar available and affordable to the people. However, many countries and regions including India face some(prenominal) barriers in expanding access to medicines. According to WHO these includeInefficient and Iniquitous support Mechanisms over the years Indias man wellness dodge is instal to be to a lower place funded. This has conjureed several people to rely magnanimously on OOP to meet their wellness vex needs. Currently, the sh are of public to hole-and-corner(a) wellness disbursement in India is embed to be 14, in which medicates alone transmit with over 71% of all OOP consumption of households.Under-funded public health system turn occur awayed in acute shortages and chronic drug stock-outs at all levels of care making some(prenominal) poor and non-poor financially vulnerable. As a resu lt of this, poor populations are pulled even deeper into poverty (poverty-deepening), dapple a large number of above-poverty transmission line households are subsequently pulled below the poverty line e genuinely year. One can observe an extremely low public spending along with huge variation between states and across districts at bottom a state. From the data of 2010-2011 it is evident that in the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala about 10-12% of health spending is towards procuring drugs. Where-as in states like Jharkhand, Punjab and Rajasthan it is only 2-3% of health spending that goes into drugs. though there is significant improvement in drug procurement in the state of Bihar overdue to steep rise in the allocated cash (NRHM) during the like period the per capita spending on the drugs is very(prenominal) less (Rs. 8 per capita). kick the bucket Drug PricesFrom a state of very gamy drug worths due to heavy imports in the pre-1970 era, with the aid of effective drug poli cies there was a rapid growth of the indigenous drugs companies which resulted in increased cropion of drugs twain the bulk drugs and the formulations. This has resulted in the improved local availability of drugs and relatively address with lowest drug footings in the world. But, due to the ineffective policy changes the reportage of drug price ascendancy has reduced from 90% of the grocery store in 1970 to 10% of the market in 1995. receivable to these relaxed regulations pharmaceutical industry took an receipts of reaping high profits through complex price setting activities. look for has shown that the price of a same pharmaceutical ingredient under a therapeutic category vary around atomic number 60% between the almost expensive and the cheapest grimes. Further, the variation between the market price and procurement price of similar drugs could range anywhere between 100% and 5000%. Effectiveness of price find is clearly demonstrated by the studies done in the ers twhile(prenominal) few years. From the study done by Sengupta et al. (2008) between the period of 1996 and 2006 it was found that there was nearly 40% increase in all drug prices. During the same period, there was a 0.02% rise in the price of promiseled drugs while the price of EDL (Essential Drug mention) drugs rose by 15%. Whereas, the prices of those drugs which were non controlled and were non included in the EDL increased by 137%. Hence, it is evident that the price control policies of the 1990s have resulted in significant increase of drug prices during the last 15 years.Defective and Incompetent procurement and Distribution SystemsAvailability of drugs in the public health system is vital element in enhancing the access to medicine in the country. Hence, along with adequate allocation of funds it is very important to have an efficient and reliable drug procurement system to maintain the availability and to avoid shortages and stock-outs. Several procurement mechanisms we re identified in different states in India. The states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala adopted a pooled procurement impersonate, Chattisgarh is future(a) a decentralized procurement system, whereas Bihar adopted a blend of the two. Over the last two decades the pooled procurement model of the Tamil Nadu Medical work Corporation (TNMSC) was found to be the most efficient, reliable and transparent model that was replicated in few other states. The different procurement models will be discussed in detail later in this section.Essential Drug List (EDL) also has its effect in enhancing the availability in the public health systems. It was found that the physicians prescribed and dispensed paradoxical drugs in the states where the procurement and dispersal systems did not follow EDL. This resulted in compromising the cost-effectiveness of procurement system which in effect resulted in shortage of drugs. In the state of Bihar during the period of 2008-09, out of 239 drugs procured, only 82 d rugs (34.89%) were found to be on the state EDL (both in-patient and out-patient). Procurement of these eighty two drugs consumed about 71% of the states cipher allotted for drugs. Form the overall states drug cipher 43% was spent on procuring rate contract*(Rate Contract is a contract for the supply of stores at specified rates during the period cover by the contract) drugs and the rest 57% was spent on procuring non-rate contract drugs. This showed that funds were not efficiently utilized in procurement of drugs which has its effect on the availability of the drugs in public health system.Widespread use of senseless MedicinesIndian pharmaceutic market is flooded with about 90,000 formulations with different brand names with uncertain distinction. As per the estimates from the Drug Control General of India (DCGI) in 2007 about 46 banned Fixed Dose Combination (FDC) drugs were creation sold in spite of the ban issued on them. It is the perquisite of DCGI to give the licensing ap proval for marketing of a drug, while the state drug controllers are only require to approve production and sale of these licensed drugs in the state. But the situation is different and the evidence shows that about 1067 FDCs are existence freely marketed with the approval from the state drug controllers, but without the consensus of the DCGI. Most of the study drug makers are involved in manufacturing and marketing the irrational medicines. For example, in the year 2004 alone around hundred in the buff drug FDCs were introduced into the market which contributed to the market share of Rs. 130 crore. Drugs manufacture in this way are to be sold to the consumers. Hence, manufacturing companies spend a large amounts in promoting the irrational cabals which ad up to the cost of the drug. This results in the physician prescribing these irrational combination violating the standard treatment guide lines and consequently increasing the cost of the prescription(prenominal) making du gs unaffordable and unapproachable. The evidence shows that during 2008-09 more than 25% of the industrys yearbook turnover was spent on promoting the manufactured drugs when compared to meager 7% on research and development.Stringent Product Patent RegimeAfter the cartel on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) since 2005, India changed its pharmaceutical indubitable policy from process patent to product patent. This brought a lot of funny furtherm in the price and access to medicine. The process patent enabled the manufacturing of most of the drugs and thus increasing the availability in the market at a very low prices. Change over to product patent has its own vested interests in creating a market monopoly for the manufacturers and giving them the whole and sole right to the manufacturer to sell the drug. This has created a barrier to access the drugs by making them unaffordable and inaccessible to the common population. These patented medicines do not even hav e well-nigh substitutes to treat the condition and hence, the consumer is forced to buy these patented medicines which are of high cost to meet the health care needs. These patented medicines are priced so high that even middle class people are far away from reaching these medicines. TRIPS its self provides the rights to the nations to safeguard and protect the nations public health by providing flexibility in patent legal philosophys in the form of dictatorial licensing. But India was not successful in utilizing the flexibility in the law until recently in 2012 where Natco pharma was given rights to manufacture the anti-cancer drug under the brand name Glievec patented by Bayers. Because of this the cost of the treatment has inject down from lakhs to aroung nine thousand and later Cipla also started selling the product at a cost of about six thousand.Insufficient investigate Development FocusUnder-funding of public health research institutions, alongside a general lack of foc us on priority diseases by private sector, hinders current drug research efforts in the country. The evidence shows that during 2008-09 more than 25% of the industrys yearbook turnover was spent on promoting the manufactured drugs when compared to meager 7% on research and development.1.3 Price control in IndiaPrice is an important component in determining the purchasing position of any good. This is true in case of most of the consumer goods. But, the prices of consumer goods like food, Pharmaceutical products (drugs), etc. with high public relevance are to be controlled in order to make them accessible to the general public. As mentioned earlier expenditure on drugs is the significant contributor to the total healthcare expenditure both in public and private healthcare. Studies also revealed high drug prices push households into poverty. Hence, drugs are one of the most important commodities whose prices are to be controlled in order to make them accessible.Drug price control in India has a long history. The first price control order was issued in 1963 in the wake of Chinese aggression to control the rising prices of drugs under the disaffirmation of India Act. Next in the year 1966 other order was issued by the giving medication introducing a system of increasing prices making it mandatory for the manufacturers to obtain approvals in the first place hiking the prices. Drug price control order 1970 was a mile lapidate in bringing down the price of essential drugs by keep the excessive profits and safeguarding the interest of consumers. Simultaneously, the product patents in 1970 brought an era of cheaper drugs in India. Since then DPCO was amended four times the last being in 2013. In 1979 DPCO was issued to fix the maximum sale price of the pharmaceuticals based on the supposition of Maximum Allowable Post manufacturing Expenses (MAPE). In this 347 drugs were under control which were categorized into four categories, lifesaving, essential, less ess ential and non-essential drugs respectively. Later, in the year 1987 another amendment was made in the wake of drug policy 1986 where the number of drugs control were cut down to 142 with reducing the categories into two and increasing the MAPE to 75% and 100% respectively. Later in 1995 the number of drugs under control were reduce to 74.Due to the increase in the prices of medicines government took a decision of forming a be of experts to deal with the fixation of medicine prices which resulted in the National Pharmaceutical price Authority (NPPA). This authority was also given the task of reviewing the list of essential medicines which should come under the price control and also monitor the prices of drugs which are not under control. NPPA came into effect and became fully functional with effect from twenty-ninth Aug. 1997. Last amendment DPCO 2013 was made after several hurdles when government of India notified the new National Pharmaceutical Pricing policy (NPPP) 2012 which i s based on the concept of market based pricing. The main objective of the policy as give tongue to in the gazette released is .to put in place a regulative framework for pricing of drugs so as to ensure availability of required medicines essential medicines at reasonable prices even while providing sufficient opportunity for innovation and competition to support the growth of industry, there by conflict the goals of employment and shred economic well-being for all.According to this, ceiling price of a drug would be determined by adopting the simple median(a) price of all the brands having market share (on the basis of moving annual turnover) more than and twin to 1% of the total market of that medicine. Now the manufacturers would be free to fix any price below or equal to the ceiling price. This claims to reduce the prices of drugs and make the medicines available and affordable which may not be true in the practical sense.

Negative Influences of Media

Negative Influences of Media The Negative Influences of MediaEach year, the norm Ameri faeces spends 1550 hours of TV, listens to 1160 hours of radio, and spends 290 hours discipline newspapers and magazines, (Workingpsychology). Media comes in all shapes and sizes idiot box, radio, magazines, internet, music, video games, advertisements and movies. Media is all around us in our homes, cars, markets and even schools. Teens and young children ar easily checkd by media, which impacts their calibre and sort ( logical argumentpedia). P atomic number 18nts should take actions to save their child from losing their ethics. According to Workingpsychology, TV is the most favourite form of media. Statistics say that, Television is the best studied medium and the average teenager watches it for more than iii hours a day, (NYTimes). With all the TV that kids watch, it is no wonder as to why around kidsdis behave inappropriate behavior. P arnts constantly certify their children to st op doing what they see on television, nevertheless wouldnt it be easier for them to simply shun the things they watch? Also, the cool things that media glorifies influence teens to want things that are not necessity (Buzzle). Teens are withal very active on the internet which has nix effects on their young immature minds. Media from all these sources rotter in any case mature a child too fast. Things frequently(prenominal) as cozy activities should be taught when the time is right, not when a child stumbles upon it (NYTimes). Media is everywhere you spring up and kids are constantly influenced by it. With all this exposure to media, teens and children are persuasible to proscribe influences therefore, parents should ostracize what their children watch and hear.Teens and kids are negatively influenced by Hollywood movies, magazines, and videogames. According to Debatepedia, Hollywood films glorify sex and violence, attacking the moral set of all societies and leading t heir young astray. Teens that constantly watch movies that are not cast outed sess easily lose theirmoral values. They also commit that the characters actions are acceptable, so they imitate them. Celebrities that are constantly in the media, such as Amy Winehouse, glorify the use of drugs and alcohol (Buzzle). Some teens believe that celebrities are example role models and feel that it is okay to emulate their actions. This is wrong since celebrities are usually in the mediadue tosex scandals and drug usage. Kids and teens look at these celebrities and say that they want to be exactly like them (NYTimes). Most customary video games which many teens play also demonstrate violence (Buzzle). Parents should pay attention to the rating of the games in order to prevent the minds of their child from being corrupt. Parents and guardians should be aware of the movies and magazines that their children keep an eye on to preserve their character and morals.Teens are widely influenced by music and advertisements. most all teens and kids listen to music however, some lyrics that kids listen to are not appropriate for their age (NYTimes). Kids that are only 10 or 11 years old listen to songs approximately sex. This is immoral, due to the fact that kids at that age are premature and should not be exposed to that manakin of influence until they are ready. Also, advertisements on TV and billboards are displayed to children and teens daily. According to NYTimes, Teens are showed an estimated amount of 50 advertisements per day. Most advertisements that kids and teens see are regarding weight loss. By seeing the advertisements, kids are motivated to lose weight by unchanging unhealthy diets and unhealthy techniques (NYTimes). When teens cannot afford the item that is being advertised, they find separate ways to lose weight such as Bulimia (Buzzle). Teens are influenced into doing things that can potentially kill them. Advertisements on TV also influence kids and teen s to want things that are not essential (Buzzle). This wastes their parents money and creates a character that is spoiled and not knowledgeable. The influence of advertisements has proven to be negative because of the things that they promote. some(prenominal) advertisements and music has a possibility of dehumanizing and corrupting a young adults mind. Parents should censor the music that has bad influences. Parents should also teach and censor their young ones from accept advertisements.By far, teenagers and children are the ones who are mostly influenced by internet and television. As years go by, the internet is becoming more and more popular among the teenagers. save, if an immature teenager or child stumbles across inappropriate things such as pornography, it can artificially age them (NYTimes). Logically, children and teens should mature at their give paces. Instead of accidentally coming across these inappropriate things, students should learn about this at school. Inste ad of simply letting kids go on the computer, parents should censor inappropriate websites. Another culprit of media influence is television. Television is popular among kids in fact, Television is the best studied medium, and the average teenager watches it for more than three hours a day, (NYTimes). Some believe that television is just used for entertainment, but they are oblivious to the negative influences. The shows that teens watch such as lagune Beach, glorify sex and alcohol, which for some ages is not appropriate (NYTimes). These shows can contribute to negative behaviors of teens. Most teens take what they see on TV and reenact them in order to be cool (NYTimes). Also, most television shows that revolve around comedy make fun of nationalities and races (The CuteKid). This encourages kids to become discriminatory towards others which can corrupt them and possibly turn them into racists (The CuteKid). As parents, they should either jampack certain channels or shows or wat ch the shows with their children. If not handled properly, kids and teens can be corrupted by society.Although the negative influences of media is widely recognized, some believe that media has positive influences on teens and children. Some argue that, Media has enhanced overall knowledge, (Buzzle). However if children and teens have knowledge of things that are not suitable for their age group, they can very well age too quickly which will affect their growth as adults. Others might argue that media is a good resource because it helps teenagers embrace technology (Buzzle). Although kids embrace technology, such as the internet, they are confuse from their school work and their other priorities. If kids take in too much too fast, they can be overwhelmed and be consumed by it. Others, might also plead that media informs kids about drugs, sex, smoking and alcohol (Buzzle). In response, children and teens that are apprised to early about unjustifiable actions, can affect their agin g process. Also, some kids, although informed not to do drugs and alcohol, are too young to image the consequence and in the state of being immaturity, might try it to be cool or to fit into the in crowd. With this vital information, it is evident that the negative influences outweigh the positive influences.With all the negative influences in the world, teens should not spill into the trap of the media. Media can create a void inside a young adults life that can be irreversible (Buzzle). Teens and kids should age at their own pace, not by listening and watching the media. Parents should do their kids a favor and censor the things they view. If parents do so, they can be a imperial to know that they tried their best to raise an adult with good morals and ethics.Works CitedBrody, Jane. Children, Media and Sex A Big Book of Blank Pages. The bare-assed York Times Breaking News, World News Multimedia. 31 Jan. 2006. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. .Debate Hollywoods Influence Debatepedia. Welc ome to Debatepedia Debatepedia, Debatepedia the Wikipedia of Debates. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. .Media Influence Bad Influence of Media on Children. TheCuteKid. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. .Media Effects on Teenagers. Buzzle Web Portal Intelligent behavior on the Web. Web. 21 Jan.2010. . Rhoads, Kelton. Everyday Influence and Persuasion the Media. Working psychology Applying Psychology to Influence, Persuasion Teamwork. Web. 21 Jan. 2010. .

The Islamic communication

The Moslem converseOver post of the hypothesisThe speculation basic whole in ally pips forbidden the defects that ar submit in the be theories of media and chats, they being predominantly western and secular in their approach perk up certain inconsistencies when applied in the Moslem earth. It talks about the funda manpowertal law of a master association of Muslim journalists to give the Islamic valet a voice that they consider to be appropriate in the media. basically the Islamic view of the foundation is based on five rulers of (1) tawhid, (2) amrbi al-maruf wa nahyan al munkar, (3) ummah, (4) taqwa, and (5) a earthat which be excessively explained in the theory. These five principles argon non completely the basic governing and guiding factor based on faith for the common Muslims yet also for an Islamic state and at that placefore will also be the elements that if an establishment of Muslims journalists is formed will enjoyment. The theory also then explains how the Muslim state or the Ummah is different from the present belowstanding of a nation state or political entity in the western world. From an Islamic perspective, therefore, this theory concludes that linguistic and political vocabularies and thoughts, now at the centre of global politics, both celebrate the arrival of a recent communication age and hold the key to ultimate information conceal (Mowlana, 2007).The Principles of an Islamic State and Media TheoryTawhid (Faith)Tawhid or faith as dumb in the literal sense of the word implies the same thing in Islam. level though the term has a deeper meaning than the regular interpretation. Tawhid in Islam office the acceptance of the unmatchedness of theology. This implies in the religious context that there is no opposite power capable of doing whateverthing without the will of God and wherefore it mandates the total submission of will to God. Since Islam is non just a religion, but an inviolate delegacy of life. What this basically means is that, the spiritual horizons of the religion are non separate from the social, political, economic as hygienic as person-to-person aspects of a persons life. Hence, while in some opposite religions, which are categorise as spiritual and a separation between the religious aspect of life and all the others empennage be established, in Islam it cannot be so. A Muslim is not considered a Muslim if he just following the spiritual aspect and not the social, economic and political aspects of the religion.It stands for the necessity of grievous bodily harm servitude to God, and it negates all communication and messages, intellectual, pagan, economic, or political, that subjugates humankind to creatures. The principle of Tawhid also negates any compensate of sovereignty and guardianship of any nonpareil over human society excerpt God. ball club can be expected to be free from all deviations and excesses hardly when the affairs of society are d elegated by a queen Transc ratiocinationental to an case-by-case or a council of regulations, with a power commensurable with responsibilities within the Islamic legal manikin.Thus, all synthetical laws and ethical enciphers that take over judgment to them, or to any authority or institution other than in obedience or enforcement of Allahs Own Judgment, are void. Therefore, all man-made laws, communication contents, mass media, and public forums that attempt to put restraints upon Allahs sovereignty moldiness be void.Under the principle of Tawhid, another fundamental ethical precondition in tabligh becomes clear the destruction of thought structures based on dualism, racialism, tribalism, and familial superiority. The function of communication order in Islamic society, according to the principle, is to switch idols, to break the dependence on the outsiders, and to install the ummah or society in motion toward the future. Thus, one of the important functions of tabligh i s to destroy myths. In our contemporary world, these myths whitethorn include power, progress, and modernization. Personalities as they represent these must not be super-humanized and super-defined. iodin of this dualism, according to this principle, is the secular judgment of the separation of religion and politics. (Mowlana, 2007).Amr bi al-maruf wa nahyan al munkarA second principle guiding the ethical boundaries of tabligh in Islam is the doctrine of amr bi al-maruf wa nahyan al munkar or commanding to the right and prohibiting from the wrong. Implicit and explicit in this principle is the notion of somebody and theme business for preparing the succeeding generation to accept the Islamic precepts and make use of them. Muslims have the responsibleness of guiding one another, and each generation has the responsibility of guiding the next. The Quranic verse explains this Call people to the path of your Lord with firmness and mild exhortation. Reason with them in the most cour teous manner. Your Lord beat out knows those who stray from His path and best knows those who are rightly guided (16125). These points out the responsibilities of Muslims in guiding each other, e supernumeraryly those individuals and institutions that are charged with the responsibilities of leaders and propagation of Islamic i merchandises. This includes all the institutions of social communication such as the press, radio, television, and cinema, as well as the individual citizens of each confederation.Thus, a special concept of social responsibility theory is designed around the ethical doctrine of commanding to the right and prohibiting from the wrong. This concept has interpreted on an unornamented dimension of its own in the Islamic communities and societies through history since Islam as an all-inclusive opinionated religion is an interrelated set of ideas and realities covering the entire area of human notion and action, beliefs and coiffes, thought, word, and deed. Thi s is especially important in write down of the fact that Islam is not exclusively a set of theological propositions, as are many other religions, but is also a set of comprehensive legal posers that govern every action of the individual in society and in the world at large (Mowlana, 2007).Ummah (Community)A third gear fundamental concept in determining the nature and boundaries of tabligh and that of social ethics, particularly as it might relate to the political life of the individual and Islamic society, is ummah or community. The concept of ummah transcends national borders and political boundaries. Islamic community transcends the notion of the modern nation-state system an Islamic community is a religio-economic concept and is only present when it is nourished and governed by Islam. The notion of community in Islam makes no sharp distinction between public and private therefore, what is required of the community at large is likewise required of every individual member. Acco rdingly, the ummah must be exemplary, setting the highest standards of performance and the reference point for others.In the Islamic ummah, the sovereignty of the state belongs to God, and not to the ruler nor even to the people themselves. The ruler or leaders are only acting executives chosen by the people to serve them according to the Law of Islam and the concept of Tawhid.Under the ummah, Islam has a new concept of community. One of the most important aspects of ummah is that Islam does not grade between the individuals as members of its community. Race, ethnicity, tribalism, nationalism, have no place to distinguish one member of the community from the rest. Nationalities, cultural differences, and geographical factors are recognized, but domination based on nationality is rejected. It is the individual and its relations to the community that is valued however, this descent unaccompanied is not the sole purpose in itself, both the individual and society must make their rel ationship clear to God atomic number 18 the individuals in society against God or under God?Taqwa (piety)A fourth principle outlined here to explain the ethical framework of journalism in Islamic societies is the concept of Taqwa or, roughly translated, piety. In Islamic societies, Taqwa is commonly used in reference to individual fear of God and the ability to guard oneself against the unethical forces which might surrender the environment however, the concept of Taqwa goes beyond this common notion of piety. It is the individual, spiritual, moral, ethical, and psychological capacity to raise oneself to that high level, which makes a person almost immune from the excessive material desires of the world, elevating the individual to a higher level of prophetic self-consciousness.The assumption is that human beings hold in their nature a set of divine elements which are other than the material constituents that exist in animals, plants, and inanimate objects. Human beings are inv est with innate greatness and dignity. Recognizing that freedom of choice is a condition for the purpose of obligation, the person is held responsible to perform his or her obligations within the Islamic framework of ethics. In short, it is recognized that human beings perform some of their actions only under the influence of a series of ethical emotions rather than with an intention of gaining a benefit or of repelling harm. Thus, as a virtue and as an important element in the ethical framework of Islamic communication both on the individual and community levels, Taqwa should be the underpinning ingredient in almost every action of a Muslim.Amanat (Responsibility)The fifth and final principle outlined in this article is the concept of Amanat. The term Amanat signifies great responsibility which the Almighty God has imposed on the human being for his or her deeds in this world. The most relevant view of this concept as it may apply to the conduct of the press and the media is that Amanat refers to prognosticate Vicegerency for which human beings alone are fit and none else can share this honour with him. The saintly Quran says Surely, we offered the Amanat into the heavens and the earth and the hills, but they refused to hear it and were afraid of it, and man took it up. Verily, he (human beings) as unjust and ignorant (xxxiii 72).Thus, human beings fitness for Divine Vicegerange is lower, conditioned by the fact that he or she must practice the lofty code morality which brings him or her to the Supreme Being. Off all the created beings, human beings are certainly the best and noblest (Ashraf-ul-makhlughat). Here, it may be tell that rights and obligations are interdependent. Serving the public interest, therefore, becomes one of the principal ethical duties of the media.Amanat means obligatory duties (faraiz). One aspect of Amanat is that is can only be abandoned to one who has the capability and power to shoulder the burden of its responsibilities and f ulfil the commandments of Allah. Thus, in Islam, real progress of moral and not just material, for the latter refers to the impermanent things of life. The liberty in Islam has quite a different meaning from that understood in the West. It is neither a prerogative nor an absolute right of the individual.Hamid Mowlanas get into on conversationA number of studies on worldwide communication over the last several decades reveal two essential characteristics. One is the ethnocentric orientation of mass communication systems of the highly developed and modify nations, and the second is the asymmetric circulation of information in the world. These two characteristics dominate the world mass media system and indeed are responsible for uneven intercession of events, imbalances in intelligence agency and information, and also the unequal distribution of power in the world system. It is precisely here that a need for professional code of ethics among Muslim journalists around the world seems imperative, and their creation of a internet of professional world associations both timely and inevitable.From the Islamic Revolution in Iran to the occupation of Afghanistan by the former Soviet Union, from the Persian Gulf struggle to the American invasion of Iraq, the last two decades have witnessed profound and general revolutionary movements of an Islamic nature as well as systematic and continuous conflicts which have embraced Muslim lands. The developments in the Islamic world not only have been reported during this period with a good deal of bias, distortion, and ethnocentrism by non-Muslim media but also the great portion of what has been reported has been provided mainly by the Western media and journalists.Research extracts that 99 per cent of world events do not come to the attention of readers simply because they are eliminated and considered as vapid or irrelevant by the media. The Islamic world, in particular, has been on the receiving end of a good shar e of this modus operandi.A cursory look at the list of existing media and journalist associations around the world quickly shows how the media are organized and mobilized on the initiation of nationality, regionalism, ethnicity, and even religious premises and are among the most active nongovernmental organizations around the world. Yet, remarkably, today, there are no professional associations of Islamic journalists which can set professional and ethical criteria for password reporting, nurture the rights of individual Muslim journalists, and promote education and training of young men and women who represent a major source of human resources for Islamic civilization and civilization.Why should there be an organization of Muslim journalists?Islam is not only a religion but also a total way of life for millions of people around the world. Unlike other major cultural systems, Islam transcends geographical as well as racial and ethnic boundaries and strives for catholicity of human kind. In short, the socio-cultural elements inherent in and among the Islamic community, ummah, provide a common ground and outline a necessity for the type of news reporting that is vital to understanding events in the world community. Such a network of Muslim journalist and media associations and professional organizations also can interpret an important role as vanguards and promoters of professional aims within the existing systems of international organizations. A network of professional associations, thus, not only can conjure the exchange of information among and between various geographical areas known as the Islamic world but also can stimulate the on qualifying mobilization of journalists and their common interests.Principles of the AssociationIt must be recalled that news value in the Islamic world differ considerably from the general news values in the non-Islamic world and, more than specifically, the West. For example, take the concept of supposed hard news common in the Western media with its five Ws syndrome of what, when, where, why, and who which is promoted as universal. The real problem is that the recipient of such five Ws news neer is allowed to conceive of news as a whole but only in fragments because the structure of the whole is at odds with what is considered hard facts. The priorities presumptuousness to news values in the West, such as human interests, law of proximity, novelty, consequence, and prominence, are totally different from those valued in Islamic contexts.For example, the notion of proximity in the Western media primarily is a geographical as well as spatial concept. To apply this concept, in its orthodox sense, to the Islamic world would eliminate news coming from distant places such as Indonesia, China, Africa, or Latin America when the media and its audiences are located somewhere in the join States or the Middle East. Proximity in an Islamic context is neither geographical nor spatial but rather cultural-that is to say, events of the Islamic community of ummah are and must be relevant to the entire Muslim world regardless of nationalities and countries. The factors of human interest or prominence are by themselves not adequate justification for reporting of news in the Islamic context. news show and information for the ummah are social commodities and not cultural industries.Analysis of the PropositionsEven though the idea of having a unified singular association of Muslim journalists as proposed by Hamid Mowlana does seem appealing, there are certain points which if not taken into context can result in more nut house and instability than the pre-existing conditions.Mowlana emphasis the establishment of the association on the basis of Islam however, he fails to mention which form of Islam that is being followed currently will be the guiding factor for this association. Since it is pretty clear that there are more than 70 different sects of Islam currently being followed in the world and for the most part the political scenarios are shaped by them, it will be tight to come to a consensus. Since this is a matter of religion, it will be going against Ones faith if any of the principles are compromised upon. The predominant clash can be seen between the Shia and the Sunni. And we can see the problems that are happening on the political scenario in Iraq out-of-pocket to this very difference. Also, then there are mutation of within the Sunnis and the Shias. This problem as he proposes can be taken care of by establishing it on the basis of the Quran and the Sunnah. That however, will also leave us with at least five different interpretations of Islam. Which can be seen in his own worksAlthough the official religion of Iran is Islam and the Twelver Jfari tutor of Shia thought, other Islamic schools of thought, including the Hanafi, Shafii, Maliki, and Yazdi schools, are to be accorded full respect, and their followers are free to act in accordance with their own jurisprudence in performing their religious devotions. (Mowlana, 1996 175)Another important issue that Mowlana has not tackled in good order in his theory is the various cultural differences that are there due to the geo-political scattering of the Muslims. Since by its very nature the association will be established to cater the need of the Muslim population throughout the globe, it is indispensable to take into account the differences that are there in the Muslim world. perhaps the closest we have to anything called a Muslim news network is Al Jazira, and I say close as it is also primarily not a Muslim news organization, we can see that it also again focuses on the issues that are there at the core of the Arab population and thus is not directly catering to the needs of the Muslims in the world. How he proposes to turn such a problem is not clear in any of his works.With the other parts of the theory of Mowlana that there should be an Islamic view of communication is what I a gree with. Since, as explained above the Islamic community is an Ummah and unlike other religions Islam is a complete way of life.ConclusionsWith a a couple of(prenominal) reservations that I have to the theory of Mowlana and those are also with the establishement of the association of the journalists that he proposes. I also feel that perhaps taking the Islamic point of view on communication and especially the differentiation between Tabligh and Propoganda is inevitable for the world that we are living in. We are currently facing a crisis as to where Islam is being targeted as a religion that is one of the elemental reasons for the absence of peace in the world and hence it is necessary that we show the Muslim perspective on the various events occurring in the world.ReferencesKhiabany, Gholam (2003) De-westernizing Media Theory, or work Orientalism Islamic Communication as Theorized by Hamid Mowlana, Media Culture Society 2003 25 415Mowlana, Hamid (1979) Technology versus Tradi tion Communication in the Iranian Revolution, Journal of Communication 29(3) 107-12.Mowlana, Hamid (1989) The Islamization of Iranian Television, Intermedia 7(5) 35-9.Mowlana, Hamid (1993) The New spheric Order and Cultural Ecology, Media, Culture Society 15(1) 9-27.Mowlana, Hamid (1996) Global Communication in Transition The end of Diversity? grounds Oaks, CA Sage.Mowlana, Hamid (2007) Theoretical Perspectives on Islam and Communication, China Media Research, 3(4), 2007Mowlana, Hamid (1997) Islamicising the Media in a Global Era The State- Community Perspective in Iranian Broadcasting, in Kevin Robins (ed.) programming for People From Cultural Rights to Cultural Responsibilities. United Nations Television Forum, New York, 19-21 November. tarradiddle presented by RAI-Radiotelevisione Italiana.Mowlana, Hamid and Laurie Wilson (1990) The Passing of Modernity. London Longman.

Relationship Between Sport And Society Sociology Essay

Relationship Between gasconade And Society Sociology Essay tout is at present regarded as an Inter soilal phenomenon developing from past eruditions as a volunteer(a) activity to now creation regarded an essential part of societies make up. Jarvie (2006) reiterates that variationswoman is part of the tender and cultural fabric and contributes to a variation of aras including intentioning complaisant problems and generating economic returns. The knowledge of brag has endinged in a variety of actors including political movement of nations and sphericalisation enhancing lark and the changing perceptions of the blur- innovative-fangled world. Contemporary multifariousnesss argon highlighted by Boyle (2006) as developing brag through and through advanced chromosomal mutationsmans transmit of major competitions resulting in intensified stray downest and greater emphasis on the degenerate sector.The by-line report go out analyse in understanding the cont ribution delectation development has made with regards to inn and intrinsic factors. focal aim specifi inflict(a)y on atomic number 18as such(prenominal) as well-disposed, political and environmental factors will aim to distinguish how these argonas progress to developed pas seul deep down the novel-fangled world and influenced the take to gambling roll in the hay have upon society. Reviewing athletic contest policies published by the up start day g exclusively overnment will permit inter multifariousness on how version is seen within society as the vehicle to do remove non moreover as a wellness intercession but using brag to tackle a variety of social constraints. Analysis of skylark through political movements will aim to fork over the relate sport sess create on a nation and thusly how this develops the argona of sport itself. With major sporting items world delivered in Britain such as the Commonwealth Games of Glasgow 2014 argueion will show how sport contributes to the economy, planetaryisation as well as integrating social benefits to society. sarcastic look into will be foc expenditured upon to discuss sport relate theories and how they contribute in makeing advanced(a) sport and society.Modern daytime Development of shimmerSport has g hotshot through radical heightens passim the course of its development. Changes with regards to social, economic and political trans blueprintation have altered sport from past centuries to the present day. As sport has developed and evolved as has the hearing it now captures. Now a orbiculate phenomenon the sporting industry is angiotensin converting enzyme of the richest and highest potential developments of modern era. The Executive Vice President of the Beijing Organising citizens committee Xiaoyu (2009) stated that the Beijing Games 2008 made a profit of at least $16 million USD. Major events such as the Olympic Games and FIFA footb on the whole World Cup showca se the phenomenon that sport creates across the world as well as the economical and environmental impact upon the host nation. at that place was an estimated 25,000 media representatives present at the Beijing Games 2008, representing 159 countries (Olympics, 2009). The good cut through media circus which large sporting events cajole showcases sport to a worldwide audience introducing them to top athletes, new sports and overall an interest in what sport throw out offer.Political bear on upon SportPolitical Ideology is referred to by Jones et al (2007) as philosophical thinkers whereby human society tooshie be understood and thus provide a framework of principles from which policy crowd out be developed. In 2003 the tire out Party of Scotland introduced Sport 21 (Sport Scotland, 2003), a policy which focused about battlegrounds of social inclusion and sporting development where by sport would be the vehicle used to create diversify. At the heart of these polices was So cial Inclusion, this political theory would cement sport at the heart of social reform. Of recent multiplication Scotland published a national policy which a comparable collected sport as the foundation to target social issues, R distributivelying Higher (2007) concentrates on sporting objectives in relation to improving social inclusion by content of health, confederacy and performance with a cleargonr focus in achieving achievement towards 2020 including Glasgow Commonwealth Games, 2014. Labour politician and author Hattersley (1989) rein advertized the importance of political ideology stating that ideas and values of politicians have a permanent importance, policies whitethorn change with time but ideology abides. Social inclusion activities the government have liaised in include football specific schemes aimed at targeting minority and unassailable to reach groups. Tacon (2007) stresses that researching the theory of social exclusion results in both absolute and confl icting views of sport enhancing this flying field sport can purify health however conflicting views suggest that roughly sports including football initiate ruby tendencies to occur in individuals.Sport was seen as a means to benefit social issues such as crime, employment, education and health. Coakley (2007) discussed the connections both sport and ad miniskirtstration share and the importance sport contributes to the government. Connections include health promotion, identifying force-out betwixt nations and engaging communities and citizens through sport battle. Social benefits are a crucial reason why the government liaise with sporting initiatives but overly the economical impact and support politicians gain from the public can be fired by adopting sport into national plans. Modern society has seen minus issues within the world highlighted increasingly through the use of interventions such as the media and politics. Factors including violence, differentiation between menagees, poverty and gender issues are retributory some mannikins which have catapulted in recent times. 1 mode used to scrap and try and eradicate these hindrances was through positive models such as sport. Houlihan (1997) states that modern governments see sport as an opportunity to tackling political objectives. The use of sport to enhance societys problems is a method which highlights the issue and can directly target millions of people. According to a recent document published by Sport Scotland they state that sport was unique and could contribute to a healthier, smarter and wealthier Scotland, (Sport Scotland 2008). In Scotland only when there are some(prenominal) issues which require immediate action and consort to the topical anaesthetic government liaising with key governing bodies and sport is essential in helping combat these issues.Sport has been targeted by the government for a variety of reasons and can be used to highlight a countries wealth or power thus distinguishing them from rival countries. The Olympic Games is one way in which this ideology has been conveyed and is an extremely powerful tool in showing nations courage on a global scale. For a number of years the Soviet Union and United States of America were locked in a bitter argument regarding differentiation between political and economical ideologies. Riordan J and Kruger A (1999) discuss the development sport has impacted on with regards to society they state that sport had a revolutionary role of being an agent of social change whereby the nation would adopt sport in order to create change and generate impact. Both countries integrated with sport and the idea that success on a global scale such as the Olympics would show their supremacy and power over rival countries. Hazan (1982) emphasises the Soviet Unions ideology in the use of Sport during the Olympic Games for the Soviet Union the agenda was to present the Americans and show that American sport was inferior and corrupt just like the entire US social system.The Soviet Union were so engage in using sport to reinforce and highlight to the world their controller, power and political height in comparison to other dominant nations including the regular army that they developed drastic measures to achieve success. Extensive training of young athletes and the means of winning at all costs was the main priority of the Soviet ideology. Winning medals was the main goal and it didnt matter if this manifold steroids or playacting enhancing drugs, winning was everything to this nation and frequently athletes suffered from this harsh reality, (Riordan, 1993). Although sport was the driving force during this period to show dominance and success the real reason was base on political movement and sport would act as the vehicle to create world domination as part of the governments strategy. The Soviets achieving much fortunate medals than that of rivals US would show their strength and supremacy on a global magnitude.Sport however does not just benefit political involvement but examples such as the Soviet Union and Olympics enhances the development of sport itself. The idea that the Olympic Games are a global event attaches several(prenominal) benefits for sport to develop extensively. Mass media attention and interest in participation results in Sport becoming a major focus point for the world to not only watch but to become fighting(a) in resulting in social and personal benefits. Globalisation is a modern concept which has expanded extensively, it denotes a broad process in which markets, trade, labour relations and culture itself have attained global dimensions Horne et al (1999 p. 276). Events such as the Olympics and FIFA World Cup develop globalisation in price of the audience it captures and the marketing it promotes. The impact of globalisation can be seen through the use of role models in sport and how they can encourage and impact on others to follow them. Vese th (2005) provides an example of globalization through football star David Beckham the Bend it Like Beckham movie captures globalization as Beckhams global stature can therefore tackle issues of prejudice and cultural constraints. Beckham sporting the Adidas brand through worldwide media photography highlights the globalisation factor and effectiveness it can encompass. David Beckham is a universal star with millions of admirers, what he wears and does acts as role for others to double because they want to be like him thus highlighting the globalisation factor in impacting individuals worldwide.The idea that society can watch new sports and understand how they are played can impact upon increased and or new sports being introduced across the world. The sociologist Elias discussed the figuration theory and how people interact as a result of those around us. Figuration relationships involve individuals who are bound together to form a structure based on power which can be conveyed to areas such as sport (Best, 2003). For society and communities to be active in sport this will contribute to trends of individuals copying the pattern with regards to social structures and individuals they are bound to. Society follows patterns to those we trust and are intrinsically influenced upon, a club who adopts sport regularly will find that individuals are more than leave to the idea of sport and what is involved. This theory to a fault links with Bourdieus views of habitus where perception is how an individual views and does things based on what they know and has impacted as a result of their childhood, (Hillier Rooksby, 2005).Sport has also developed extensively through the foreplay the government has had in relation to rules and regulations regarding sports and determining what sports are frameified as legal or illegal. Such input has provided Sport with frameworks and safeguarding of human rights where measures are taken to stamp out inhumane sporting activities a nd assist all sport governing bodies with the lay safety content and rules for participants. The need for law in sport is as imperative as law in society, without it in sports, chaos exists, (Gardner, 2006). Disclosure checking is one way in which participants and sport are safeguarded against potential threats. any coaches and individuals moldiness be disclosure check up on to ascertain criminal convictions and determine if individuals are suitable to work with others hence qualification sure those delivering sport are not only certifiable but pose no threats to participants.Social Effects SportSport is a form of activity which can be move intod by several descriptores depending on the type of sport played and its position within class and cultural communities. An interesting theory is that of Bordieau who paid fussy emphasis on a variety of theories and society. Significant focuses of his beliefs were symbolic violence, Habitus and a slopped emphasis on class differen tiation and the theory of power and practice. Bourdieu argues that carnal capital acquired through involvement in activities such as sport can be converted into cultural, social, or economic capital. However, he argues that the business leader to convert this capital is not as great for the working classes as it is for the bourgeoisie (cited in Gilroy in Clare Humberstone, 1997). Class distinction contributes widely to the idea that certain sports are class related i.e. football for lower class and polo for the upper class individuals. This perception discriminates against individuals to try new sports due to a lack of facilitation, opportunities and class boundaries. A study undertaken by Stempel (2005) suggests that those who have more cultural capital participate in sports aimed at improving the carcass which emphasise wealth and dominance and refrain from sports where violent tendencies prevail. Lower class citizens have ill-temperediseed sources, expenditure and opportuni ties to participate in wealthier sports and are therefore prone to play traditional sports which are easy to access and more team orientated. To develop sport and for sport to develop in society a variety of sports, opportunities and facilities must be available to the wider communities. Class distinction highlights differences within society and unequal consideration for all individuals, sport initiatives must vary activities and encourage different classes to attempt new sports refraining from the perception of particular sports for certain individuals.Ideology focusing around sport is often touch on with idea of masculinity and gender confrontation. Scraton et al (1999) stated that top train distaff athletes participating in sport meant opposing or rejecting their muliebrity at some point. Barriers have developed through sport for fe masculine participation as a result of male dominance over a prolonged period of time. Although modern society aims to stifle complicate these barriers pistillate participation is still behind that of males. Females are underrepresented in galore(postnominal) areas of sport through involvement, coaching job and management roles. Almost a half(prenominal) of adult women (43%) within Scotland have low levels of participation in sport with majority participating in no sport at all, (Sport Scotland, 2008). One theory which played particular emphasis on females and sport was the libber theory. Houllihan (2008) discusses Marxist feminist traditions with the belief that men control the ideology of dominance through capitalism and exploitation, women cannot engage in sport due to less(prenominal) earnings and time due to family commitments. This focus concentrates on the traditional views of women and a lesser focus on the contemporary female. Kay Jeanes citied in Houllihan (2008) that certain sports provide barriers for both genders, dance and sports involving flexibility and balance are often deemed as female orientated wi th traditional sports such as football and rugby, male orientated. Sport although focused as presenting gender differences can develop these ideologies and break down barriers by displaying to society that females can adopt male perceived sports. A epochal sport development and gender barrier was lately broken through the sport of tennis where female tennis players achieved the similar competition pay as the male athletes. The All England Lawn Tennis chairman Phillip (2007) stated that the time was right to bring this subject to a dianoetic conclusion and eliminate the difference.Football is also a sport that continues to attract female participation with regards to viewing but more importantly playing. A sport often adopted as male orientated only is now one of the fastest growing sports in the UK. The number of female players has increased by 88% since 1999 and there are now 55,000 playing the game (Summers D, 2001). As female football continues to grow there are still issues with equality in the modern world. A recent example would be that of Maribel Domnguez Casteln, a female Mexican footballer. In 2004 she accepted a two-year contract from a second-division Mexican mens football club, Celaya. This was the first cognize case of a women signing for a professional mens team. This however did not last long and soon Fifa the governing body decided against the move. It was accented that the gender-separation principle in football should be maintained (BBC News, 2004). Sport is attempting to change societies views by encouraging female participation through sport, changing the perceptions salt away over centuries will however take time. If more sports can adopt similar principles to tennis, positive steps can be made for sport to tackle social issues of gender inequality.Social inequalities out with gender also pose barriers to society sport is used as a mechanism to tackle these areas. Cultural diversity and ethnic minority groups are a social issue wit h regards to integration within communities. Walseth (2008) Adkins (2005) discuss Putnams notion of social capital as connections with areas such as community well being, inter cultural knowledge and social networks, the idea that social capital acts as gum creating a collective we within society. With regards to cultural barriers Putnam refers to two ideas, bridging and bonding, bridging can relate to getting to know different people e.g. people be to a different minority group where bonding is the process of making relationships with people similar to oneself, (Walseth, 2008). Sport can act as glue between cultural communities and inequalities amongst society. Bringing individuals together through team compound activities can aim to tackle differentiations. Niessen (2000) stated that the use of sport can help in understanding and appreciating cultural differences and prejudices, sport can limit social exclusion of minority groups. Within Scotland a variety of locate initiativ es aim to break down racial barriers and promote communitarianism. Glasgow based coaching company, Sidekix run in cooperation with Strathclyde Police tackling territorialism issues in young men. The concept of a football league integrating target groups aims to break down barriers and memorize the youths to interact with one another. Using sport as an incentive encourages youths to participate without realising the wider concept of what they are actually doing. Sport has continued to develop in promoting and tackling social constraints.Environmental Impact upon SportThe use of sport to enhance a nation and contribute to its economy and structure are meaningful factors when considering using sporting events to enhance other areas. Mass tourist opportunities and global recognition from hosting such a superior sporting event were just some of the reasons why Glasgow chose to bid for the games in 2014, on the back of introductory successes such as the Commonwealth Games of Manchester 2002. Purcell (2005) highlighted that the social and economical dividend of hosting the games could bring great benefits to Glasgow and hence provides a lasting legacy. Sport develops in governments ideologies when it can impact and benefit their agendas and in turn sport therefore develops through the mass interest on show. Developing environmental factors such as increase of new facilities and modernisation of communities can be achieved through sporting events.urban re contemporaries is a key focus of Glasgow 2014 and they aspire to update and improve upon existing areas of the city by modernising and developing infrastructures worthy of hosting such a superior occasion. Sport Urban Regeneration is a broader process than having solely an infrastructure in place for the Commonwealth Games, (BBC News, 2007). One of the major developments being undertook is the construction of the athletes crossroads which will be based in Dalmarnock. As well as fresh, modern housing and a whole new regeneration of an area the positive effects of this build will result in the use of the village after the games when the houses are obtainable to the public. The author First Minister of Scotland, McConnell (2006) reiterated the importance of regeneration not only for the sustainment of the games but for future legacies he acknowledged that bringing the new village to Dalmarnock would aim to build better lifes for its resident, ordinary Glaswegians and develop a sense of community spirit. An increased benefit of this infrastructure is the potential opportunities of housing Glasgows communities following the games as well as allowing the people of Glasgow and Scotland to experience and benefit from the new facilities on offer following the Commonwealth Games of 2014. The importance of large investments in regeneration must continue after the event to benefit local and national societies.The Glasgow 2014 Committee perceive new infrastructures and regeneration as a positive mo del however negative impacts of such a significant development is the change of what a large population already call home. Local residents who have grew up in specific areas all their lifes are now seeing complete change and in some areas end of areas they once called home. Moving these people poses a serious question to whether Glasgow is improving in order to look good for two weeks or are the intentions of local residents the major priority. I dont think Im going to be here, the area will be regenerated and old shops like these will have to come down, (BBC NEWS, 2007), this was just one residents fear of the massive change going underway in the Parkhead Area. Moving people away from areas they have lived in all their lives is a huge risk and adaptation for those residents could lead to growing issues for local councils and the government.A key focus of the legacy of Glasgow 2014 is to use this mass event as a fostering vehicle to tackle issues within Scotland including health. everywhere the last decade the topic of Obesity has seen a surge in media attention and has become a prolific problem within Scotlands culture. Although regarded as a worldwide issue Scotland for being such a secondary nation portrays some of the most worrying figures of all. Devlin (2007) communicates this shocking reality as only America has a higher rate of obesity within the developed world. The prospect of the Commonwealth Games has already raised the profile of sport in Scotland and has the potential for the nation to get involved in forcible activity, (Glasgow 2014, 2008). In order to achieve this recent government policy must be adhered to and Glasgow 2014 should be used as a target to achieving such aims as well as attempting to obtain more youngsters getting involved in physical participation. In 2007 when Reaching Higher was published more seen this policy as the strategy to implement and deal with issues leading up to the Commonwealth Games 2014. In comparison the Co mmonwealth Games of Glasgow are also looked upon as a method of striving towards meeting national strategies. The focus of 2014 may seem like a lifetime away however with such social and health issues regarding sport in Scotland it is essential that plans are implement immediately to move towards improving current standards.The idea of added TV reportage impacts largely on how we can improve the nations health, when children see certain sports being broadcasted it gives an incentive of going out and taking part in this sport. For Scotland to use the Commonwealth Games as a means of improving health the government must provide all communities with opportunities to become active. A key method already being used within schools is the active schools programme. In the lead up to the games clubs and sports should be increased whereby children have more than just one option of a sport to take part in. Commonwealth Games clubs is an area which could be put in place whereby children are pro vided with multi sports clubs as a lead up to the games where local communities or larger cities hold mini commonwealth Games against each other to add competition incentive for the children participating. All of this can now be more achievable with the new development plans of local sports facilities and new infrastructures being prepared. The focus upon children must be of playing period and sport as opposed to getting fit, children will get better if they take part in physical activity and therefore all schemes and projects in line with national policies must be fun and conspicuous for the children to want to play sport.There are several Positive effects of hosting major events which can help with improving health issues in particular areas. When elite athletes and stars of sport participate they are watched by the younger generation and a mass audience. The significance being that children aspire towards role models who they aroma they have a connection with often an athlete in the sport they love. These role models can then aim to help motivate or create new schemes which aim to use their sports as a means of improving the health of others. Sponsorship deals can be created whereby as part of the athletes deal they must cooperate with the local communities or national policies therefore providing greater motivation for people to use sport to combat health issues they may have.ConclusionSport has developed extensively as a global phenomenon reaching out to a diversity of individuals worldwide. The impact sport can generate stems from areas such as social inclusion, health and economic benefits to societies. Sport has developed within itself, through new sports being introduced, media interest and insurance coverage and role models catapulting through the globalisation concept. However the contribution and shifting of modern society has also helped shape sport today and how it is considered as an constituent(a) part of everyday living. Political input, environmental benefits and social benefits have helped make the dynamics of sport and the perceptions people once had. The fact that sport was often seen as a leisure activity used for individual enjoyment has now been broadened through the perception that sport can help change society and tackle a variety of social issues.Mass research undertaken in relation to sport suggests there are two sides to each perception. Majority suggest that sport can tackle social issues whilst also recognising that sport can encourage issues to be sustained. Depending on how sport is delivered, the sports that are used and the professionals in charge of these areas contributes widely to how sport will be viewed. Violent tendencies, class differentiation and gender ideologies can still be identified through sport. However considering the entire positive benefits of sport, the idea that it can and has tackled health, crime and the economy steers it in an optimistic manner. If sport is delivered by the correct people in the correct location and adheres to political sporting laws put in place, negative issues around sport can be deluge to achieve its original purpose. Sport has and will continue to develop throughout the world through its political involvement and power to recognise that sport can change and help society move forward.

Health Promotion In Relation To Holistic Care

rise upness Promotion In Relation To Holistic wangleThis essay will attempt to discuss the signifi flockce of the link surrounded by health promotion and holistic parcel out for the patient. Firstly, the patient will be introduced and a definition of holistic headache and sagaciousness will be given. Secondly, the health promotion dumbfound and nursing preventives will be describe and discussed. Fin bothy this essay will reflect on the strengthiveness utilising of health promotion imitates care rounded up by a demonstration of the findings. Names in this essay have been changed to protect the patients identity and reserve confidentiality in accordance with the nursing and midwifery councils guidelines (NMC, 2008). Verbal consent was obtained by the client and her family, to use their primary anonymised details.The patient, who for the purpose of this essay sh solely be cognise as Jane, is 21 years old and has an acquired hotshot injury (ABI) sideline a road traffic accident. An ABI is defined by Headway (2010), the brain injury association, as an injury caused to the brain since birth. Jane has problems remembering information and continually rep eats what she says, and as well repetition of speech, known as perseveration. Jane was originally admitted onto the neuro rehabilitation screen to address challenging behaviours at hearthstone and side by side(p) successful interventions was due(p) to be discharged when an appropriate care package could be dedicate into place. Due to the complexity of Janes condition her care package was taking prolonged than planned. While waiting for discharge, Jane, who usually lives at home with her mother, has undertaken many home visits. It then became apparent that Jane was losing heaviness to the extent that she had become underweight and it became indispens subject for this to be communicate before Jane could be discharged.It was important that Janes weight was addressed as after a Mal victual Univ ersal Screening Tool (MUST) assessment was carried out it was concluded that Jane was at high essay from malnutrition. MUST is a screening tool that recognizes malnutrition and those at risk of malnutrition. It encourages multidisciplinary make foring which improve clinical conclusion (BAPEN 2003). At 5 foot 7 inches and weighing 53 kilograms Janes body mass index (BMI) was 19. She also had lost approximately 0.5 kilograms a week for the prior four weeks meaning she had lost nearly 5 percent of her body weight. Best (p.23, 2008) states that malnutrition is caused by an inadequate availability of nutrients, because of both poor intake or deficiency as a conduct of disease. It is widely accepted that adequate nutrition plays an important role in maintaining optimal health. succeeding(a) a healthy diet has lots of benefits, non only physically but mentally too. According to the World Health Organization (1948) health is a state of complete physical, mental and neighborly well- be and non merely the absence of disease or infirmity.Following this a complete holistic assessment was carried out. The world health governing body (WHO, 2004), states that holism is a concept which takes into account a patients mind, body and spirit. It includes all aspects of the client and carers life, for example, account of problems from both person and carer, psychiatric and physical health history, medication and compliance, social history, past and current hobbies and interests, daily living skills, cause and faith/religion. Each of these elements is seen as inter-related and as equally important so when any of the elements are compromised there will be an inevitable effect on the others (Ellis 1999, Brooker Waugh 2007).The assessment used for the patient is a trust establish holistic assessment founded on the Roper-Logan-Tierney Activities of Daily Living Model. Although published in 1980 this first toughie of nursing is just as relevant today. The model identifies th e 12 activities of daily living as communication breathing take and crapulence eliminating sleeping dying mobilisation managing a safe surround personal cleansing and dressing work and play expressing sexuality. These activities identify the basic health shoots with the emphasis on assessing the effect of the mind, body and person of each activity in relation to the persons health. They note how the activities are inter-related and not mutually exclusive (Roper et al 2000). They expanded on the inter-linked relationship between the patient, activities of daily living, factors which influence these activities (for example environmental factors), the lifespan and our level of dependence. It is because of these views that this model has been utilised as a true holistic assessment. Hinchcliff et al (2008), Brooker Waugh (2007) and Dougherty lister (2008) substantiate that assessment is an ongoing, complex, systematic and interactive affect. It involves gathering a site of infor mation from and about the client and then using that information to purpose the care, support and intervention that is required. The information is then clearly documented as in line with the Nursing and Midwifery Councils guidelines (NMC 2005).Subsequent to the assessment, Jane was discussed at the weekly multi-disciplinary aggroup (MDT) coming together, as in accordance with the NMC code which states that nurses must work together with other professionals as a team whilst sharing and valuing each others skills and familiarity (NMC, 2008). The nurse is at the core of the clients care and can consequently communicate and negotiate the clients needs and preferences to other members of the interprofessional team (Day, 2006).Following the meeting various interventions were put in place Blood tests were ordered to find out for any underlying medical causes (test results were negative). Janes weight was to be monitored on a weekly basis, food and drink charts as well as nutrition ary supplement charts were to be completed by nursing staff and Janes relatives who very much took her out for meals. The Royal College of Nursings campaign Nutrition Now (RCN 2007) suggests that patients are also monitored to make sure that they are eating the food they are offered. protect mealtimes on the ward would be observed by all members of the multidisciplinary team as sometimes this was not adhered to. Nutrition Now (2007) also highlights the need for protected mealtimes so that there is a more relaxed atmosphere for patients to eat their meals and that they are assisted by nurses as well as health care staff to eat their meals. The dietician would review Janes nutritional intake speech and language would assess Jane for any swallowing difficulties Occupational therapy would observe Jane eating and drinking before making any recommendations Janes weight would be monitored and reviewed at following MDT meetings. Auty Rennie (2007) suggest that professionals working in i solation with a client sort of than in a team struggle to achieve the optimum consequent for the client as any treatment provided could be ineffective.Janes named nurse explained to Jane issues that had been discussed at the MDT meeting and that Janes weight would need to be stabilised before she could be discharged. Also a care plan would be put in place to address this issue. Nursing staff had already identified that Jane would be worried about beseeming overweight as this was something she relayed often during conversations with them. Rosenstockss health spirit model (1952) cited in Glanz (2005) works by exploring peoples perception and ways to inform, encourage and motivate change. There are six steps contained in this model Perceived susceptibility comprehend severity perceived benefits perceived barriers cues to action self-efficacy. These steps were applied to the issue of Janes weight.Jane was worried about becoming overweight (perceived susceptibility) and she was inf ormed of the risk to her health because of not eating adequacy. Janes reasonableness and judgement of the severity of the situation were difficult. Short-term memory problems and the inability to process information and make informed decisions are common problems associated with ABI (Headway 2009). Because of this the nurse smooth to Jane how her health would be affected and that she would not be well enough to be discharged (perceived severity). Jane appeared to understand that she needed to put on weight before she could return home, it was explained that her food intake would be monitored and that the dietician had revise her diet to include high calorie foods and supplements. Jane was happy to comply with the interventions as she knew she would be discharged but she was worried that she would not be able to eat and drink enough even if she wanted to (perceived benefits). Jane was reassured that she would be given support and guidance to ensure the best possible outcome (perce ived barriers). Although cues to action are directed more towards people living in the community it was adapted to meet Janes needs, she was given information in a format she could understand and also took part in Health alimentation Sessions with patients from other wards. Jane was supported and encouraged to eat snacks as well as her unshakable meal, food she enjoyed was made available to her at anytime. She also had regular motivational chats with her named nurse (self-efficacy).The Tannahill model (1985) cited by Downie et al (2002) was also utilised. This model defines health promotion as an approach to improving health and decrease the risk of ill health through incorporating three processes health tuition prevention protection. Health education influencing peoples behaviour and attitudes encouraging positive well being and diminishing ill health. Prevention and protection to diminish the risk of disease developing by interventions, that is, primary Giving people the knowled ge to make intermit choices with regard to their health, for example, risks related to smoking immunization. Secondary intervention Health screening for early detection, for example, smear tests, smoking cessation. Tertiary Managing conventional disease and preventing complications, for example, rehabilitation advice after stroke or serious injury. aegis through government policies public health and health promotion programmes can improve health, reduce disease risks, manage chronic illness, improve wellbeing, promoting self-direction of individuals.In conclusion the holistic assessment and health promotion and belief models have worked well for the patient. It allowed the multidisciplinary team to put together an effective care plan. The nurses involved with Janes care gave lots of encouragement and advice to Jane and because nursing staff followed the care plan Jane began putting weight on. Although the reason why she needed to do so and the reassurance that she would not becom e overweight had to be explained to Jane continually because of her short-circuit term memory problems. The effectiveness of the care plan is apparent as despite NICE bringing in Providing nutritional support for adults guidelines and the inlet of specialist nutrition teams, being brought in over the last twenty years there are compose patients who are somehow being missed and are under-nourished (Holder 2009). Additionally NICE guidelines (2006) state that knowledge of causes, effect and treatment of malnutrition among healthcare professional in the UK is poor. It goes on to say that all health professionals linked with patient care should be trained in knowing how to provide ample nutrition for peoples needs. This can be seen to still be a major factor in the improvement of nutrition for health. Holder (2009) asserts that nurses need to be aware of all initiatives nationally, regionally and at heart their own trust so they are able to provide better nutrition for their patie nts.1943 words

History Kennedy :: essays research papers

I. Kennedy and The snappy WarA.The Election of 1960- As chair Eisenhowers 2nd term pull to a close, a mood of disquietude arose among voters.1.Kennedy and The Canidate-Kennedy intered the race with a well-organized campain, the back of his large family, and a handsome count and charisma that appealed to voters.2.Televised Debate- a milestone of the campain was the 1st televised debate ever amongst presidental canididates.3.Kennedy and the King-Hearing of Kings arrest, Kennedy called Kings wife.B.Crisis of Cuba-The 1st test of Kennedys opposed policy came 90 miles off the sailplaning of Florida.1.The Cuban Dilemma-Castrode to power on the promise of democracy.2.The Bay of Pigs-1960, prexy Eisenhower gave the CIA permission to secretly train hundreds of Cuban exiles.3.Cuban Missile Crisis-Castro had a powerful helper in Moscow - Soviet premier Nikita Kruskchev.C.Tragedy n Dallas-No one could presee that a unutterable national tradegy lay fair(a) ahead.1.Four Days in Nove mber-Kennedy was opaline in the head.2.Unanswered Questions-The Warren Commision concluded that Kennedy had been shot by Oswald.II.The Great SocietyA.LBJs Path to Power-His ambition and dive had rifle legendary.1.From Texas Hills to Cap. Hill-LBJ grew up in Texas.B.Joshsons Domestic Agenda-Americans began to solve national problems.1.War On Poverty-August 1964, intercourse enacted the economic oppertunity act 2.1964 Election-LBJ won by a lanslide.C.Building The Great Society-In whitethorn 1964, Johnson had summed up the grand vision for america in a phase.1.Landmark Legislation-Johnson considered knowledge the key to success.III.The Continuing Cold WarA.The Election of 1945- As President Eisenhowers 2nd term drew to a close, a mood of restlessness arose among voters.1.Kennedy and The Canidate-Kennedy intered the race with a well-organized campain, the backing of his large family, and a handsome look and charisma that appealed to voters.2.Televised Debate- a milestone of the camp ain was the 1st televised debate ever between presidental canididates.3.Kennedy and the King-Hearing of Kings arrest, Kennedy called Kings wife.B.Crisis of Cuba-The 1st test of Kennedys foreign policy came 90 miles off the coast of Florida.1.The Cuban Dilemma-Castrode to power on the promise of democracy.2.The Bay of Pigs-1960, President Eisenhower gave the CIA permission to secretly train hundreds of Cuban exiles.3.Cuban Missile Crisis-Castro had a powerful ally in Moscow - Soviet premier Nikita Kruskchev.C.Tragedy n Dallas-No one could presee that a terrible national tradegy lay just ahead.1.Four Days in November-Kennedy was shot in the head.2.Unanswered Questions-The Warren Commision concluded that Kennedy had been shot by Oswald.IV. The New FrontierA.The Camelot Years- President JFKs inauguration set the tone for life a new era.

Holden Caufield in Catcher In The Rye by J.D Salinger :: essays research papers

The setting of this story takes place in Agerstown, Pennsylvania. The home of Pency bording naturalize. Pency is angiotensin-converting enzyme of those college prep schools that advertises merely the best aspects and never mentions how lots the students will hate going there. On the brochure there is an unrealistic, imaginary student that does not exist playing polo. In real feel Pency, there are a couple hundred spoiled shrimpy rich students whose parents do not want the burden of raising them.The distributor point of view in this story is expressed in first person. end-to-end the story H hoaryen tells of other characters and of course his opinion of them. Always criticizing them and their decisions and labeling most of them phonies.In the beginning of the story Holden is watching the Friday night football game from atop a hill. He had just gotten back from a fence in compeer that had to be cut short in New York because the captain of the fencing team, which happened to b e Holden left all of the equipment on the subway. Needless to say it was a long trip home for Holden.After all of this has happened Holden arrives back only to learn that he has been released from Pency and placed on academic probation. Holden was not senseless by any means but if he did not craving to learn what was being taught he refused to try. The professors on the other hand did not agree with Holdens reasoning. Therefore, he was failing all but one of his classes.Holden had a friend that was a teacher at Pency. He was perchance the only person that halfway understood him. The only problem was that Mr. Spencer was old and senile and did not have much pull with in the school board, which meant he did not serve as much help in Holdens current situation. Mr. Spencer was always trying to prepare Holden for life, and was always tell him that life is a game and you have to make the right moves. Holden seldom listened but felt obligated to say good-bye to him because he had act to understand him, which is more than most people had ever done for him. Holden went to get wind Mr. Spencer before he left. As usual he did not get much out of his usual life is a game dun but he would have felt guilty if he had not gone by to say fair well.

Die Wiesse Rose :: essays research papers

Die Weisse RoseThe topic I chose to issue my essay about is, Did any thing in this movie agitate your listen about Germany during the Hitler Regime? (Or Nazi long time) I would have to solving that question with a response that is not one hundred pct clear cut. On the one hand, I do not believe so, because I already knew Hitler and the Nazi party were horrible deal. They did do marvellous thing such as the concentration camps, taking over otherwise countries and etc. What I did not know however, was that there was a need supplies given to the German citizen to use. Another thing that I never knew was how tight the citizens were being watched by the Gestapo and other Hitler organizations. The movie did not sort my mind to have sense of any sympathy for the Nazis, it did make me more than gross out with them and there behavior, if such a thing is possible. I feel the people of Germany did not all support him. In fact, I think intimately detested him and were just afraid to do anything about it and that is what made me change mind about Germany during that time. First off, the Nazi time was a twilit and awful time in the history of the world itself. Those several years they had the power of Germany were most likely the grimmest days for the country. The movie had just shown what was already known. An example of this is in the scene where the Nazis were giving a lecture and the students were outraged. The students were so outraged that they begun to riot. The Nazis, in the movie, gave a speech that women should go to school and they similarly gave other derogatory and chauvinistic statements. They had many people killed who were suspected of treason. still if the people were innocent and there was no conclusive evidence.Secondly, I erudite more about the wrong-doings of the Hitler administration when I found out the insufficiency of supplies allowed to the people and how they were so suspicious of everyone. In the film, the group needed more sta mps, paper, etc. to get there flyers to places the flyers need to go to help the rebellion. The postal workers would have to report anyone who bought a lot of stamps their supervisor. Hanss sister went in the morning, evening and night just to get the supplies.

Personal Environmental Ethics :: essays research papers

There are some people who believe that the unify States strictly forced peril species laws seriously hamper our economy. I on the other hand must(prenominal) disagree. The endangered species laws were created for an important reason to foster our earths biological diversity. Whenever humanity interferes with the ecosystem for the purpose of sparing harvesting it draw outs it apart piece by piece. It is for reasons like these we must have such surd laws, as in the Endangered Species Act. The fact of the matter is that a chore still exists today. Many policy-makers and afforest industry representatives argue that the current forest and wildlife conditions constitute a "forest health crisis"(Peters, Frost, & Pace, 1999). The current crisis results from companies who tear down forests for their own profit. By doing this not exclusively is the forest itself beingness destroyed, but the wildlife within it. Furthermore, in 1990 the EPAs scientific research team ver balize that destruction of habitats, and species extinction are two of the four most little global environmental issues (Biodiversity, 1999).As can be seen, companies who destroy the ecosystem for economic gain are creating irreversible problems that future laws cannot correct. To prevent further problems from occurring we must maintain solely biodiversity laws. The basis of the laws are to protect all life, including all human life and are crucial for present and future generations (Biodiversity, 1999). The national government has taken charge of this situation, most notably through its endangered species protection efforts (Biodiversity, 1999). This has become a controversial, but necessary step in protection our ecosystem and all of the valuable resources it has to offer.Understanding those environmental issues are subjects of contrast arising from different perspectives and values the controversy of economic gain verse ecologic conservation is not easily settled. I support wildlife preservation only to prevent extinction. I believe without these laws that we as humans will endure greatly, because we would be unable to reap the benefits of the ecosystem. I agree with the congressional findings that assorted species of fish, wildlife, and plants have been rendered extinct as a consequence of economic growth and development intemperate by adequate concern and conservation (OLaughlin, 1998).

Essay --

Animal examen is a very controversial topic, especially among physical rights activists. Unsually, animal interrogatory is utilize to test pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and some different results that humans use in their everyday life. Scientists use animals in medical research much as a matter of tradition, as opposed to the fact that interrogation on animals has proved to fail time after time again. Animal testing has proved to be less accurate and unsuccessful in coincidence to other agent of testing and experimentation. There is a growing cognisance to the limitations of animal research and its inability to be a reliable initiation of predictions about human health. Reasons on why and how animal research is wrong, and unforeseeable are endless, animal studies do not predict human outcome, ix out of ten drugs that appear to be promising in animal research later goes on to fail in human trials, as well animal studies are flawed by design and lacks regulation. umteen scientists have come to the conclusion that animal testing is very outdated, and should be starting to consider modern counsellings of testing. They believe that our generation should be looking to the future and creating computer programs, this has many benefits such as not having to wait as long for a result, and is much much personify effective. Animal studies do not predict human outcome for many reasons. There are obvious and subtle differences between humans and animals, whether it is appearance, the way the body operates, anatomy, and even mental differences. The two species are on solely different end of the spectrum in comparison to how the body works. Taking a healthy animal, artificially inseminating an illness that most animals would never normally get, holding it in an unnatural and st... ...nimal testing. There are laws which give a dim-witted guide line, but they are so general and broad that they flush toilet easily be worked around. Any experiment performe d on rodents, reptiles, birds, or search are not required by law to be reported, this means that it is even more likely for these experiments to involve unnecessary cruelty. Many of the animals used for lab testing are the dogs and cats that many of us keep as pets, and the same ones who eventually love us unconditionally, even sometimes more than they love their selves. Animal testing should be banned for no other reason than the fact that few of us would never volunteer our cats, dogs, or any other pet to a life as a lab subject . It has been proved that there are different more effective ways of testing whether or not a product can be safely used for the use of human expenditure without using animals.

Traditional African Music Essays -- Musical Traditions Essays Papers

customs dutyal African MusicAn attempt to pin down a single centre for the word traditional, presents a problem in many ways. The implications of the word argon many, and argon tied to various connotations. Some people, Westerners in particular, may rattling shun the traditional, as they feel that it implies a resistance to freshity. This view is incorrect, and there exists an ethnocentric double standard when Westerners consider their tradition versus African tradition. Others digest on tradition as that which has always been done, for whatever reason, and that it must be move to maintain the community, a universal balance, a relationship with the gods, or round another(prenominal) goal. Africa and its people birth experienced many hardships over the crinkle of history, from colonization to current attempts at development. Oppression, forced enslavement or other forms of brutality have been constant threats. These dangers have helped create a stronger African identity in many senses. Difficult times bring out in humans a desire to cling to that which is known and familiar, as everything else seems to spiral out of control. As many slaves journeyed across the Middle Passage, for example, they ignore language and ethnic barriers, and collaborated to make music as an escape from the horrors of their circumstances, in order to create a tie to the homeland. Groups such as the Tumbuka and Dagbamba have also done this. They have managed to retain a strong identity, partly due to the continued use of musical usages paradoxically, this has tied them to ancestral practices, merely also made the transition to modernity easier. In dealing with societies where that which is modern is completely foreign and different from customary, holdin... ... Instead, it is multifaceted and complex. Contrary to what many believe, the remembering of traditional practices and a transition to a modern state are not mutually exclusive. The role that tradition and customary behavior and practice play in society depends heavily on the situation and the person reckoning of the importance of maintaining traditional musical practices, the value placed on time and its rationing, and the possible symbiotic relationship between the modern and the traditional. The abbreviation of how these three seemingly unrelated concepts interact with each other forms a basis for understanding the extent to which ?traditional? musical elements will be accepted or rejected by a particular society. ?Tradition? does not entail backwardness or inability to react to changes, moreover rather a continued respect for those who came before and their way of life.

Free Glass Menagerie Essays: The Temporary Metamorphosis of Laura :: Glass Menagerie essays

The Temporary Metamorphosis of Laura in The Glass Menagerie Laura Winfield in The Glass Menagerie goes through a temporary metamorphosis during the course of the play. She is a slightly crippled and precise shy young girl who is having a hard time determination her way in the world. She is hopeless and resplendent all at the analogous time. She is trapped in a world that is spiraling quickly into doom. Laura lives in the St. Louis of the Depression with her restless brother Tom and her half-mad, overbearing mother Amanda. Her draw left the family for a life on the road. He worked for the telephone-company and fell in love with long distances. This left Tom as the only breadwinner in the family and her mother in a desperate and touched condition. Tom got a job in a warehouse. He deeply resented this and craved license and adventure. He would disappear every night to go to the movies to find his release. This would curtly be not enough, though, and both Laura and her mother s ensed this. The mother everlastingly hounded Tom. She would continually point out(p) every flaw he had. They would violate into fierce arguments that made it difficult to tell if she was deliberating with Tom or his murder father. Her mother was from the south a place called Blue Mountain. She was a beautiful girl there and had a lot of gentleman callers. She pined bitterly over the loss of this place and time and the poor choice she made in husbands. Even if Laura had no physical defects it would have been hard for her to succeed addicted these circumstances. At the beginning of the play Laura is wrapped up in her deliver little world of glass creatures and phonograph records. She is panicked of people and afraid of the world. She is like one of the inceptions in her glass menagerie. She is a thing of sparse beauty in a hard world. She doubts herself and her abilities. Her mother, though, is determined to see that her girl does not become a victim of her situation. Her mo ther tries, almost as well hard, to see her daughter through. It is, however, through her mothers attempts that we see the temporary metamorphosis of Laura. In scene two we find out that Lauras mother has discovered that she has dropped out of business school.